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Detection of ctDNA commonly relies on next-generation sequencing (NGS) and multiple PCR-based approaches. Liquid biopsy using ctDNA supports broad diagnostic uses, offering minimally invasive access to molecular changes. In lung cancer, clinically approved ctDNA liquid biopsy complements NSCLC genetic profiling, with ongoing studies for minimal residual disease (MRD) detection after curative therapy and response monitoring to systemic treatment.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/clinical-utility-of-ctdna-analysis-in-lung-cancera-review/373478/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/clinical-utility-of-ctdna-analysis-in-lung-cancera-review/373478.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Melati","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",15,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is ctDNA and how is it related to cfDNA?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"ctDNA is a tumor-derived subset of circulating free DNA (cfDNA). It originates from tumor cells and reflects their genetic material, including mutations and epigenetic changes.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How can ctDNA be detected in blood?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"ctDNA can be detected using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and various PCR-based techniques.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How is liquid biopsy with ctDNA used in lung cancer care?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"In NSCLC, liquid biopsy with ctDNA is clinically approved as a complementary method for genetic profiling and diagnosis. It is also being studied for detecting minimal residual disease (MRD) after curative treatment and for monitoring response to systemic therapy.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},373478,1790242925,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":36},962085570644,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Review  \nClinical Utility of ctDNA Analysis in Lung Cancer—A Review  \nKamil Makar 1, Agata Wróbel 2,*, Adam Antczak 1 and Damian Tworek 1  \nAcademic Editors: Adam Barczyk and Alexander Mathioudakis  \nReceived: 10 February 2025  \nRevised: 29 May 2025  \nAccepted: 9 June 2025  \nPublished: 12 June 2025  \nCitation: Makar, K.; Wróbel, A.; Antczak, A.; Tworek, D. Clinical Utility of ctDNA Analysis in Lung Cancer—A Review. Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93, 17. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/arm93030017](10.3390/arm93030017)  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Published by MDPI on behalf of the Polish Respiratory Society. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons](https://creativecommons). org/licenses/by/4.0/) .  \n1 Department of General and Oncological Pulmonology, Medical University of Lodz, Stefana Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; [kamil.makar@umed.lodz.pl](kamil.makar@umed.lodz.pl) (K.M.); [adam.antczak@umed.lodz.pl](adam.antczak@umed.lodz.pl) (A.A.); [damian.tworek@umed.lodz.pl](damian.tworek@umed.lodz.pl) (D.T.)  \n2 Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland  \n* Correspondence: [agata.wrobel@stud.umed.lodz.pl](agata.wrobel@stud.umed.lodz.pl)  \nHighlights  \nWhat are the main findings?  \n• ctDNA can be detected using both NGS techniques and various forms of PCR.  \n• ctDNA reflects changes in the tumor’s genetic makeup.  \n• Liquid biopsy with ctDNA is clinically approved in genetic profiling in NSCLC.  \nWhat is the implication of the main finding?  \n• ctDNA has potential as a biomarker for cancer relapse prediction and treatment efficacy.  \nAbstract: Circulating free DNA (cfDNA) is genetic material released from various cells into bodily fluids. Among its fractions, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) originates from tumor cells and reflects their genetic material, including mutations and epigenetic changes. Methods commonly employed for detecting ctDNA in blood include next-generation sequencing (NGS) and various types of PCR. The presence of ctDNA can be utilized in liquid biopsies for many diagnostic purposes related to various cancers. It is a minimally invasive method of sampling molecular compounds from tumor cells. In this paper, we focus on current knowledge regarding the liquid biopsy of blood ctDNA in the context of lung cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. Currently, as a clinically approved method, liquid biopsy serves as a complementary technique in NSCLC diagnostic and genetic profiling. Other applications of liquid biopsy that are still being investigated include the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) after curative treatment and response monitoring to systemic treatment. This review discusses current and future potential directions for the development and implementation of ctDNA for patients with NSCLC.  \nKeywords: ctDNA; cfDNA; liquid biopsy; lung cancer; NSCLC; cancer diagnostics  \n1. Introduction  \nGlobally, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related death in both genders [1,2] . The tumor is most frequently detected in advanced stages, resulting in unsatisfactory treatment outcomes. Histologically, lung cancer can be divided into two main categories: small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) . SCLC constitutes approximately 15% of all cases, while NSCLC is responsible for about 85% of the remaining cases and includes different subtypes, such assquamous-cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large-cell carcinoma [3,4] . For all types of lung cancer, smoking is the primary risk factor, exhibiting the strongest association with small-cell lung cancer and squamous-cell carcinoma. However, approximately 25% of lung  \ncancer cases are not associated with smoking. Among patients who have never smoked","cbCairqvoA4RuARp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairqvoA4RuARp","pdf",751819,16,"English","# Highlights\n## What are the main findings?\n## What is the implication of the main finding?\n# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What is ctDNA and how is it related to cfDNA?\",\"answer\":\"ctDNA is a tumor-derived subset of circulating free DNA (cfDNA). It originates from tumor cells and reflects their genetic material, including mutations and epigenetic changes.\"},{\"question\":\"How can ctDNA be detected in blood?\",\"answer\":\"ctDNA can be detected using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and various PCR-based techniques.\"},{\"question\":\"How is liquid biopsy with ctDNA used in lung cancer care?\",\"answer\":\"In NSCLC, liquid biopsy with ctDNA is clinically approved as a complementary method for genetic profiling and diagnosis. It is also being studied for detecting minimal residual disease (MRD) after curative treatment and for monitoring response to systemic therapy.\"}]","Clinical Utility of ctDNA Analysis in Lung Cancer—A Review | PDF",1790199673]