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A prospective longitudinal investigation assessed 93 OSCC cases by identifying WFC-associated tumor fields and describing corresponding mucosal changes. Among 93 patients, 61.3% were male, 82% had stage IV tumors, and 92 patients showed multiple oral cavity sites with overlap. The gingivobuccal mucosa was most frequent, and most lesions displayed mucosal-change surroundings, including grizzle and white-smoke patterns.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/clinical-presentation-of-wide-field-of-cancerization-associated-with-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma/375492/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/clinical-presentation-of-wide-field-of-cancerization-associated-with-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma/375492.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jiven","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What was the aim of the study on OSCC and WFC in Sudanese patients?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"To investigate different clinical presentations of mucosal changes in wide field of cancerization (WFC) associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma in Sudanese patients.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How many OSCC cases were included, and how were WFC and mucosal changes evaluated?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The study included 93 OSCC cases and used prospective longitudinal assessment to identify the tumor-associated field of cancerization and describe related clinical mucosal changes.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which mucosal site was most frequently involved, and what proportion of patients had stage IV tumors?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The gingivobuccal mucosa was the most frequent site involved (74.2%), and 82% of patients presented with stage IV tumors.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},375492,1790688579,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1099513958607,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399","Hindawi  \nInternational Journal of Dentistry Volume 2023, Article ID 7530295, 7 pages [https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7530295](https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7530295)  \nResearch Article  \nClinical Presentation ofWide Field ofCancerization Associatedwith Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma  \nYousif Idris Eltohami  and Ahmed Mohamed Suleiman  \nFaculty of Dentistry, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan  \nCorrespondence should be addressed to Yousif Idris Eltohami; [yof88@hotmail.com](yof88@hotmail.com)  \nReceived 30 November 2022; Revised 3 March 2023; Accepted 7 March 2023; Published 17 March 2023  \nAcademic Editor: Roberta Gasparro  \nCopyright © 2023 Yousif Idris Eltohami and Ahmed Mohamed Suleiman. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \nBackground. The late presentation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients in Sudan, with advanced stages and wide field of cancerization (WFC), has a negative impact on these patients. The present study aimed to investigate the different clinical presentations of mucosal changes in WFC associated with OSCC in Sudanese patients. Methods. This a prospective longitudinal study of 93 OSCC cases. Tumor’s associated field of cancerization was identified and related clinical mucosal changes were described. Results. Out of the 93 patients, 57 (61.3%) were males and 36 (38.7%) were females. Eighty-two percent of the patients presented with stage IV tumors. Ninety-two patients had multiple sites involved in the oral cavity with overlap of sites involved. The Gingivobuccal mucosa (74.2%) was the most frequent site involved. Eighty-three (89.2%) of the lesions were surrounded by mucosal changes, of them 32 (38%) surrounded by a grizzle (mixed dark and white) discoloration and 21 (26%) were surrounded by a white-smoke discoloration followed by 17 (20%) and 13 (16%) surrounded by cotton-white and Café au lait discolorations, respectively. Forty-four (47.3%) lesions had overlapping presentations and surrounded by erythematous patches. Conclusion. The present study showed that OSCC patients in Sudan present with advanced lesions, mostly associated with WFC, particularly the Toombak dippers. The different mucosal changes seen in the WFC associated with OSCC in these cases are in accordance with the known five mucosal presentations.  \n1. Introduction  \nMalignancies of the oral cavity are considered worldwide a major health issue. Collectively, they rank as the sixth most common cancer globally [1]. In Sudan, most of the studies on the frequency of oral cancer were institution-based studies. Salah and Mohamed [2], in a more recent study, reported that oral cancer in Sudan was in the 9th ranking position, while Elbasheir, in a previous study, showed that it was the second most common cancer in Khartoum State, accounting for 9.4% of all body cancers [3]. Cancer is a heterogeneous disease process involving the interaction of multifactorial etiopathogenesis and body vulnerability [4]. The sort of carcinogenic material, duration oftissue contact and dose, frequency, and combination of the different carcinogens; all are involved with different degrees in the process of cancer development [5]. Top on the carcinogenic materials is tobacco in its different forms of usage [6]. Toombak is a moist form of snuff, well known as a risk  \nfactor of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in Sudan. It is made from a tobacco species with a high level of nicotine and minor alkaloids, added to it Atron (sodium bicarbonate), and the blend is mixed with water to become moist and used after a period of time [7]. The hypothesis of wide field of cancerization (WFC) by Slaughter et al. [8] stated that the whole epithelial surface of the upper aerodigestive tract has an increased risk for the development of malignant and potentially malignant lesions because ofmultiple gene","cbCaitt9dpIbX58o","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitt9dpIbX58o","pdf",487904,"English","# Background\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusion\n# Introduction\n## Etiology and risk factors\n## Wide field of cancerization concept\n## Clinical presentations of Toombak dippers","[{\"question\":\"What was the aim of the study on OSCC and WFC in Sudanese patients?\",\"answer\":\"To investigate different clinical presentations of mucosal changes in wide field of cancerization (WFC) associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma in Sudanese patients.\"},{\"question\":\"How many OSCC cases were included, and how were WFC and mucosal changes evaluated?\",\"answer\":\"The study included 93 OSCC cases and used prospective longitudinal assessment to identify the tumor-associated field of cancerization and describe related clinical mucosal changes.\"},{\"question\":\"Which mucosal site was most frequently involved, and what proportion of patients had stage IV tumors?\",\"answer\":\"The gingivobuccal mucosa was the most frequent site involved (74.2%), and 82% of patients presented with stage IV tumors.\"}]","Clinical Presentation of Wide Field of Cancerization Associated with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma | PDF",1790215167,18]