[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-399707-en":3,"doc-seo-399707-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":99},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30,"preview_page_count":4},399707,7971461741311,"Ophelia","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000253aff267980c6?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779345379180704826",7,"Healthcare","Clinical Guideline - Guideline for Office Spirometry in Adults, 2004","Clinical guideline detailing office spirometry standards for adults in South Africa, aiming to minimize variation in routine practice while improving quality and usefulness of spirometry results. Recommendations are grounded in key international publications and South African research on reference values. The document evaluates benefits, harms, and costs of standardization and emphasizes validation, calibration, maintenance, operator competence, standardized subject preparation, testing, quality control, and interpretation aligned with current diagnostic guidelines.","ORIGINAL ARTICLES   \nCLINICAL GUIDELINE   \nGuideline for Office Spirometry in Adults, 2004  \nSouth African Thoracic Society Standards of Spirometry Committee: E M van Schalkwyk, C Schultz, J R Joubert, N W White  \nObjective. To provide clinical guidelines for office spirometry in South Africa.  \nOptions. More stringent guidelines are required for diagnostic laboratories and research.  \nOutcomes. To minimise variations in standard practice and improve the quality and usefulness of spirometry in the clinical setting.  \nEvidence. Recommendations are based on key international publications as well as research publications regarding reference values for South Africans.  \nBenefits, harm and costs. The medical, social and economic benefits and costs of standardisation of office spirometry in South Africa were considered in the recommendations. Validation. The document has been reviewed and endorsed by the South African Thoracic Society.  \nConclusions. The indications for spirometry must be specific and clear. Spirometry equipment must meet internationally accepted performance standards and carry proof of validation. Equipment must be regularly calibrated and maintained. Individuals performing spirometry must be adequately trained and demonstrate a high level of competence. Subject preparation, testing and quality control of results must be carried out according to published guidelines. Finally, test results must be interpreted according to current diagnostic guidelines, taking into account the purpose of the test, appropriateness of reference values and the clinical evaluation.  \nS Afr Med J 2004; 94: 576-587.  \n1. Abbreviations  \nATPS = ambient temperature, ambient pressure, saturated with water vapour; ATS = American Thoracic Society; BTPS = body temperature, ambient pressure, saturated with water vapour; ECSC = European Community for Steel and Coal; ERS = European Respiratory Society; FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC = forced vital capacity; LLN = lower limit of normal; PEF = peak expiratory flow; RSD = residual standard deviation; SATS = South African Thoracic Society; TLC = total lung capacity; VC = vital capacity.  \n2. Introduction  \nSpirometry is an essential part of a complete respiratory evaluation, but inadequate standards and variations in standard operating procedures exist that reduce its clinical usefulness.1 Good quality spirometry necessitates a competent operator, accurate and reliable equipment and a co-operative patient. Furthermore, it involves a series of standard procedures and quality control checks to produce technically satisfactory results. Finally, the results take reference standards into account and are interpreted with consideration of the clinical indications for testing.  \nVarious authorities have published comprehensive  \nCorresponding author: Dr E M van Schalkwyk, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, 7505, e-mail [emvs@sun.ac.za](emvs@sun.ac.za)  \nguidelines for the standardisation of spirometry.2-4 More recently, selective South African reference standards have become available for the normal range of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) . 5-10 This statement is prompted by increased utilisation of officespirometry in South Africa and a perceived need for simplified guidelines for use at primary contact level, i.e. in the clinic or practice. Diagnostic and research lung function laboratories will require more comprehensive guidelines than proposed in this document.  \n3. Definitions  \nSpirometry. Spirometry is one of a number of tests to evaluate respiratory function. The basic spirometric procedure involves the measurement of gas volume and rate of airflow during a maximal, forced expiration. The mechanical properties of the airways, lung, pleura, chest wall and respiratory muscles all contribute to these results.  \nSpirometer. Spirometers operate on one of two principles:  \n• Volume-type spirometers determin","cbCaisBtTGiXsA0D","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisBtTGiXsA0D","pdf",149456,10,1,12,"English","en",105,"# 1. Abbreviations\n# 2. Introduction\n# 3. 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Subject preparation, testing, and quality control must follow published guidelines, and results must be interpreted using current diagnostic guidelines and appropriate reference values.\"}]","Clinical Guideline - Guideline for Office Spirometry in Adults, 2004 | PDF",1790500673,30,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":93,"head_meta":95,"extra_data":97,"updated_unix":98},"clinical-guideline-guideline-for-office-spirometry-in-adults-2004","",{"@graph":37,"@context":92},[38,55,75],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,52],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":53,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":54},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/clinical-guideline-guideline-for-office-spirometry-in-adults-2004/399707/",4,{"url":53,"name":13,"@type":56,"image":57,"author":62,"headline":13,"publisher":64,"fileFormat":67,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":68,"datePublished":69,"encodingFormat":67,"isAccessibleForFree":70,"interactionStatistic":71},"DigitalDocument",{"url":58,"@type":59,"width":60,"height":61},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/clinical-guideline-guideline-for-office-spirometry-in-adults-2004/399707.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":9,"@type":63},"Person",{"url":42,"name":65,"@type":66},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-27",true,{"@type":72,"interactionType":73,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":74},"ViewAction",{"@type":76,"mainEntity":77},"FAQPage",[78,84,88],{"name":79,"@type":80,"acceptedAnswer":81},"What is the primary objective of this office spirometry guideline?","Question",{"text":82,"@type":83},"To provide clinical guidelines for office spirometry in South Africa and to minimize variations in standard practice while improving the quality and usefulness of spirometry in clinical settings.","Answer",{"name":85,"@type":80,"acceptedAnswer":86},"What evidence supports the recommendations?",{"text":87,"@type":83},"Recommendations are based on key international publications and research publications related to reference values for South Africans.",{"name":89,"@type":80,"acceptedAnswer":90},"What conditions are required for valid and reliable spirometry results?",{"text":91,"@type":83},"Spirometry equipment must meet internationally accepted performance standards, be validated, regularly calibrated and maintained, and be operated by adequately trained individuals. 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