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This case report documents four foxes aged 3–6 years showing apathy, anemia, brown urine, and thrombocytopenia. PCR and sequencing confirmed infection with B. canis. Findings support a possible role for Polish red foxes as a new reservoir and suggest higher susceptibility in regions where Dermacentor reticulatus is established.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/clinical-form-of-babesiosis-caused-by-babesia-canis-in-polish-foxes-vulpes-vulpes/468084/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/clinical-form-of-babesiosis-caused-by-babesia-canis-in-polish-foxes-vulpes-vulpes/468084.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ivy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What clinical signs were observed in the four Polish red foxes with Babesia canis infection?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The foxes showed apathy, anemia, brown-colored urine, and thrombocytopenia during the observations.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was Babesia canis infection confirmed in the foxes?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Diagnosis was confirmed using PCR and sequencing results demonstrating infection with Babesia canis protozoa in all animals.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What does the report suggest about the epidemiological role of red foxes in Babesia canis?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The findings suggest red foxes may contribute to establishing the species as a new reservoir for B. canis, with potentially greater risk for previously unexposed fox populations in areas colonized by Dermacentor reticulatus.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},468084,1791123609,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},549758252649,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000253669c5317157?_k=1778319167496531819","Veterinary Research Communications (2026) 50:90 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s1](https://doi.org/10.1007/s1) 1259-025-11028-9  \nCASE REPORT  \nClinical form of babesiosis caused by Babesia canis in Polish foxes (Vulpes vulpes)  \nŁukasz Adaszek1 · Jagoda Ciszewska-Ceran2 · Maria Pisarek1 · Banu Dokuzeylül3 · Mehmet Erman Or3 · Maciej Skrzypczak4 · Marcin Kalinowski1 · Beata Horecka5 · Andrzej Jakubczak5 · Stanisław Winiarczyk1  \nReceived: 23 August 2025 / Accepted: 3 December 2025 / Published online: 8 January 2026 © The Author(s) 2025  \nAbstract  \nThe red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is known to be a reservoir host of various vector-borne protozoan parasites. However, the impact of infections caused by Babesia canis on the health status of the red fox remains unknown, and research on this topic conducted on fox populations in Poland and worldwide has been fragmentary. It is known that these animals can become infected with Babesia canis, but it is unclear whether a clinical form of the disease can develop in them. This study aimed to present for the first time the cases of clinical babesiosis in foxes in Poland. The observations covered four foxes aged 3–6 years with apathy, anemia, brown color of urine and thrombocytopenia. The PCR and sequencing results confirmed that all the animals had been infected with Babesia canis protozoa. The diagnosis of clinical cases of babesiosis due to B. canis in foxes from this region of Europe suggests a contribution of red foxes to the establishment of this animal species as a new reservoir of B. canis. These animals may play a role as a host for B. canis, and previously unexposed red fox populations may be more prone to infection in areas colonized by D. reticulatus.  \nKeywords Babesia canis · Foxes · Ticks · Vector-borne diseases  \nBackground  \nBabesia canis is a common and clinically significant hematozoan parasite of the genus Babesia, transmitted by ticks (Mehlhorn et al. 1980; Adaszek et al. 2009) . Babesia spp. are classified in the order of Piroplasmida within the phylum Apicomplexa. In early studies, researchers identified  \n􀀍 Marcin Kalinowski [marcin.kalinowski@up.lublin.pl](marcin.kalinowski@up.lublin.pl)  \n1 Department of Epizootiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 30 Głęboka St. 20-612, Lublin, Poland  \n2 Sub-Department of Diagnostics and Veterinary Dermatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 30 Głęboka St, 20-612 Lublin, Poland  \n3 Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320 Avcilar Campus, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey  \n4 Chair and Department of Gynaecology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Jaczewskiego St, 20-954 Lublin, Poland  \n5 Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland  \ntwo morphologically distinct forms of the erythrocytic stage in the canine host. The larger form, measuring approximately 3–5 μm, was named B. canis, while the smaller form (1–3 μm), was named B. gibsoni (Adaszek et al. 2010) . Based on cross-immunity, serological testing, vector specificity and molecular phylogeny, Babesia canis was reclassified into three separate species (B. canis, B. rossi and B. vogeli) (Carret et al. 1999; Costa-Júnior et al. 2009; Zygner et al. 2023) .  \nThe red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is known to be a reservoir host of various vector-borne protozoan parasites. Among the different Babesia species detected in foxes, the most frequently identified parasites are B. vulpes (the frequency of detection ranges from 69.2% in Portugal, 64.1% in the Czech Republic, 20% in Hungary, 13.6% in Italy, and 0.8% in Bosnia and Herzegovina) (Cardoso et al. 2013; Hodžić et al. 2015; Farkas et al. 2015; Ebani et al. 2022; Lesiczka et al. 2023)d vogeli (3% in France) (Medkour et al. 2020) .  \nThe impact of infections caused by B. canis on the health status is unknown (Cardoso et al. 2013; Lesiczka et al.","cbCaipFQOg8ZCkwc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipFQOg8ZCkwc","pdf",815548,"English","# Abstract\n# Background\n# Case presentation","[{\"question\":\"What clinical signs were observed in the four Polish red foxes with Babesia canis infection?\",\"answer\":\"The foxes showed apathy, anemia, brown-colored urine, and thrombocytopenia during the observations.\"},{\"question\":\"How was Babesia canis infection confirmed in the foxes?\",\"answer\":\"Diagnosis was confirmed using PCR and sequencing results demonstrating infection with Babesia canis protozoa in all animals.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the report suggest about the epidemiological role of red foxes in Babesia canis?\",\"answer\":\"The findings suggest red foxes may contribute to establishing the species as a new reservoir for B. canis, with potentially greater risk for previously unexposed fox populations in areas colonized by Dermacentor reticulatus.\"}]","Clinical form of babesiosis caused by Babesia canis in Polish foxes (Vulpes vulpes) | PDF",1790773737,13]