[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-405822-105":59,"doc-detail-405822-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","clinical-challenges-in-the-management-of-malignant-ovarian-germ-cell-tumours-review","Clinical Challenges in the Management of Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumours - Review","","Nonepithelial ovarian cancers (NEOC) include germ cell tumours (GCT) and sex cord-stromal tumours (SCST) and represent a relatively small fraction of ovarian malignancies. GCTs account for about 2–5% of ovarian cancers and often affect young women and adolescents, arising from primitive ovarian germ cells. The review summarizes epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, molecular biology, and the management and therapeutic challenges, emphasizing the difficulty posed by rarity compared with epithelial ovarian cancers.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/clinical-challenges-in-the-management-of-malignant-ovarian-germ-cell-tumours-review/405822/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/clinical-challenges-in-the-management-of-malignant-ovarian-germ-cell-tumours-review/405822.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Kyle","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are malignant ovarian germ cell tumours and who are they most likely to affect?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Malignant ovarian germ cell tumours arise from primitive germ cells in the ovary and include subtypes such as yolk sac tumours and dysgerminoma, as well as mixed and malignant (immature) teratomas. 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Clinical Challenges in the Management of Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumours. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6089. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126089](doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126089)  \nAcademic Editor: Masafumi Koshiyama  \nReceived: 22 February 2023  \nRevised: 22 April 2023  \nAccepted: 25 April 2023  \nPublished: 9 June 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Medicine, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK  \n2 Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK  \n3 Department of Clinical Medical Education, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Epsom KT18 7EG, UK  \n4 Department of Medicine, Glan Clwyd Hospital, NHS Wales, Denbighshire LL18 5UJ, UK  \n5 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi 75000, Sindh, Pakistan  \n6 Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK  \n7 Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK  \n8 Kent Medway Medical School, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7LX, UK  \n9 AELIA Organization, 9th Km Thessaloniki—Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece  \n* Correspondence: stergiosboussios@gmail.com or [stergios.boussios@kcl.ac.uk](stergios.boussios@kcl.ac.uk)  \nAbstract: Nonepithelial ovarian cancers (NEOC) are a group of rare malignancies, including germ cell tumours (GCT) and sex cord-stromal tumours (SCST), along with small-cell carcinomas and sarcomas. GCTs represent 2–5% of ovarian cancers, with a yearly incidence of 4:100,000, and they usually affect young women and adolescents. Precursory germ cells of the ovary form the basis of GCT. They are histologically classified into primitive GCT, teratomas, and monodermal and somatic-type tumours associated with dermoid cysts. A primitive GCT can be either a yolk sac tumour (YST), dysgerminoma, or mixed germ cell neoplasm. Teratomas are either mature (benign) or immature (malignant) . Given that malignant GCTs occur rarely compared to epithelial ovarian tumours (EOC), greater focus is required in their diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and molecular biology, along with the management and therapeutic challenges.  \nKeywords: ovarian germ cell tumours; dysgerminomas; yolk sac tumours; treatment; signalling pathways; genome profiling  \n1. Introduction  \nOvarian tumours are subdivided into benign, borderline, and malignant types. Ovarian cancer ranks fifth in cancer-related mortality among females. There are still no effective screening tools, and the published analyses of cost-effectiveness screening programmes have shown mixed results [1] . Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC) constitute approximately 90% of all ovarian cancers and, according to the dualistic model of carcinogenesis, are divided into type I and type II tumours. Low-grade serous tumours express KRAS, BRAF, PTEN, PIK3CA, CTNNB1, ARID1A, and PPP2R1A mutations and belong to the type I pathway, whereas high-grade serous tumours are the most frequent type II tumours and exhibit p53 and BRCA mutations [2] . Approximately 20–30% of EOC occurs in females with an inherited ","cbCairw0VIxUwZBN","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairw0VIxUwZBN","pdf",410041,16,"English","# Introduction\n## Ovarian tumour classification and epidemiology\n# NEOC and GCT overview\n## Definitions and histologic subtypes\n# Clinical manifestations and diagnosis\n## Diagnostic approach and challenges\n# Molecular biology\n## Key pathways and markers\n# Management and therapeutic challenges\n## Fertility, treatment intent, and prognosis","[{\"question\":\"What are malignant ovarian germ cell tumours and who are they most likely to affect?\",\"answer\":\"Malignant ovarian germ cell tumours arise from primitive germ cells in the ovary and include subtypes such as yolk sac tumours and dysgerminoma, as well as mixed and malignant (immature) teratomas. They usually affect young women and adolescents, with extreme rarity after menopause.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is managing malignant GCT considered particularly challenging compared with epithelial ovarian cancers?\",\"answer\":\"Malignant GCTs occur rarely compared to epithelial ovarian cancers, so diagnosis and treatment require greater focus. The review highlights management difficulties faced by gynecologic oncologists, especially around treatment planning and outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"Which topics does the review cover regarding NEOC and GCT?\",\"answer\":\"The review addresses epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and molecular biology, then discusses management and therapeutic challenges. It also discusses the importance of fertility preservation, treatment intention, and prognosis.\"}]","Clinical Challenges in the Management of Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumours - Review | PDF",1790561961]