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Materials and methods: A retrospective review included 255 children diagnosed with multiple serous effusions between January 1, 2014 and July 1, 2024. Results: Pneumonia and trauma were most common; effusion distribution and exudative/transudative nature aligned with underlying diseases and patient age/sex. Conclusion: Etiology is diverse and linked to age and effusion location, and the number of affected cavities may indicate disease severity.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/clinical-analysis-of-255-children-with-multiple-serous-effusions/456016/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/clinical-analysis-of-255-children-with-multiple-serous-effusions/456016.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Putri","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-09","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the purpose of the study on pediatric multiple serous effusions?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study aimed to analyze the etiological spectrum, clinical features, and pathological correlates of multiple serous effusions to inform clinical decision-making.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was the patient cohort and study period defined?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"A retrospective study included 255 children diagnosed with multiple serous effusions between January 1, 2014 and July 1, 2024 at the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which underlying causes were most common, and how did they relate to effusion patterns?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Pneumonia (31.37%) and trauma (10.98%) were most common. The study found that causes aligned with age/sex patterns, effusion distribution, and whether effusions were predominantly exudative or transudative.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},456016,1790818945,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},962085571259,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","AnnAls of Medicine  \n2026, Vol. 58, no. 1, 2610884  \n[https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2025.2610884](https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2025.2610884)  \nRESEARCH ARTICLE     \nClinical analysis of 255 children with multiple serous effusions  \nWenwen Jin, Liying Lu, Qiqi Gao, Tong Lou, Wei Hu, Yu Chen, Yu Fang, Zhenlang Lin and Wei Lin   \nThe second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, china  \nABSTRACT  \nBackground: This study aimed to analyze the etiological spectrum, clinical features, and pathological correlates of multiple serous effusions in pediatric patients to inform clinical decision-making.  \nMaterials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 255 children diagnosed with multiple serous effusions at the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University between January 1, 2014, and July 1, 2024. Results: The most common identified causes were pneumonia (n = 80, 31.37%), and trauma (n = 28, 10.98%). Etiologies demonstrated age and sex-specific patterns. Pneumonia predominated in preschool/school-aged children, and trauma was more common among preschool/school-aged boys. Tumors mainly affected school-aged/ adolescent males, while connective tissue diseases (primarily systemic lupus erythematosus) predominated in adolescent females. Pleural effusion was the most common manifestation (n = 243, 95.3%), followed by peritoneal (n = 187, 73.3%) and pericardial effusions (n = 136, 53.3%). The nature and distribution of effusions correlated with the underlying disease. Pneumonia/tumor cases exhibited higher susceptibility to pleural and pericardial effusions, predominantly exudative. Connective tissue disease cases frequently demonstrated involvement of all three serous cavities, predominantly exudative. Cardiac insufficiency cases typically presented with transudative effusions. The triple serous cavity effusion group exhibited significantly lower hemoglobin, serum albumin, calcium, and IgM levels (p \u003C 0.05), alongside significantly elevated C-reactive protein, brain natriuretic peptide, prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, and D-dimer levels (p \u003C 0.05), indicating more severe disease progression.  \nConclusion: The etiology of pediatric multiple serous effusions is diverse and closely linked to patient age and effusion location. The number of affected cavities may serve as an indicator of disease severity.  \nAbbreviations: APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; CD: Cluster of differentiation; CHD: Congenital heart disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; CT: Computed tomography;  \nD-D: D-dimer; FIB: Fibrinogen; Ig: Immunoglobulin; IgA: Immunoglobulin A; IgE: Immunoglobulin E; IgG: Immunoglobulin G; IgM: Immunoglobulin M; INR: International normalized ratio; MSE: Multiple serous effusions; NK: Natural killer cells; PT: Prothrombin time  \n1. Introduction  \nARTICLE HISTORY  \nReceived 18 August 2025 Accepted 24 December 2025  \nKEYWORDS  \nChildren; clinical characteristics; multiple serous effusions  \nMultiple serous effusions (MSE) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the simultaneous or sequential accumulation of fluid within two or more serous cavities, including the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities [1,2] . Pediatric MSE is a clinically prevalent condition with significant incidence rates. During the COVID-19 pandemic, MSE was frequently observed in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome [3,4] . Pediatric MSE exhibits complex and multifactorial etiologies, with distinct patterns of  \nCONTACT Zhenlang lin  [lzlprof2020@163.com](lzlprof2020@163.com) The second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, china; Wei lin  [linwei1110@163.com](linwei1110@163.com)  The second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Med","cbCaifp217vuIOLk","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifp217vuIOLk","pdf",872737,"English","# Introduction\n# Abstract\n## Background\n## Materials and methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n## Abbreviations","[{\"question\":\"What was the purpose of the study on pediatric multiple serous effusions?\",\"answer\":\"The study aimed to analyze the etiological spectrum, clinical features, and pathological correlates of multiple serous effusions to inform clinical decision-making.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the patient cohort and study period defined?\",\"answer\":\"A retrospective study included 255 children diagnosed with multiple serous effusions between January 1, 2014 and July 1, 2024 at the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University.\"},{\"question\":\"Which underlying causes were most common, and how did they relate to effusion patterns?\",\"answer\":\"Pneumonia (31.37%) and trauma (10.98%) were most common. The study found that causes aligned with age/sex patterns, effusion distribution, and whether effusions were predominantly exudative or transudative.\"}]","Clinical analysis of 255 children with multiple serous effusions | PDF",1790744941,25]