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The report outlines evidence-based pathways for mitigation, financing and progressive tax and social policies to address climate inequalities at their core.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/climate-inequality-report-2023-executive-summary/296398/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/climate-inequality-report-2023-executive-summary/296398.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Arica Lee","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-07","2026-09-18",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",20,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why does the report focus on climate inequality?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Climate impacts are unevenly distributed across countries and within them. The report addresses inequalities in emissions, vulnerability, and the capacity to finance climate action, aiming to inform development, tax and social policy pathways.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What are the report’s main findings on emissions contributions?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"All individuals contribute to emissions, but not equally. The top 10% of global carbon emitters generate almost half of all greenhouse gas emissions, raising both equity and efficiency questions for policy design.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How does the report suggest tackling climate inequalities?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"It proposes policies that align incentives for high emitters to reduce emissions, supports effective climate funding through mechanisms such as progressive taxes, and advances broader social and development measures including an ecological welfare state approach.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},296398,1789731890,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality","religion-spirituality",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":80,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},8796096645457,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/800003749518d68ffe3?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779345340919836971","Credits  \nReport coordinator: Philipp Bothe (PSE) Research directors: Lucas Chancel (Sciences Po & PSE) and TancrèdeVoituriez (CIRAD & Iddri Sciences Po)  \nWe thank our colleagues who provided feedback on preliminary versions of this report:  \nStéphane Hallegatte (World Bank), Thomas Piketty (PSE & EHESS) and colleagues at the World Inequality Lab. We also thank colleagues at the Norad, in particular Heidi Bade, Hilde Dahl, Lisa Kirkengen, Lars Andreas Lunde, Stig Traavik, Ragnhild Valstad, and Vemund Vikjord, Håvard Nygård and Bård Solhjell, as well as Heriberto Tapia and Pedro Conceiçao at the UNDP.  \nCover design: Emilie Poggi  \nCopy editing: Kathleen Weekly  \nThis report benefited from the support of the NORAD and the United Nations Development Programme.  \nPlease cite this report as:  \nChancel, L., Bothe, P., Voituriez, T. (2023) Climate Inequality Report 2023, World Inequality Lab Study 2023/1  \nCreative Commons Licence CC BY 4.0  \nContents  \nExecutive summary 4  \nIntroduction 13  \n1 Unequal contributions to climate change 17  \n1.1 Why do inequalities in emissions matter? .................... 17  \n1.2 Within-country carbon inequality explains the bulk of global carbon emissions inequality ................................... 18  \n1.3 Contrasted carbon inequality profiles in low and middle income countries. 25  \n1.4 Consumption and investment patterns drive unequal contributions to climate change ................................... 30  \n1.5 Ending global poverty need not overshoot global carbon budgets ... 39  \n2 Unequal impacts of climate change 46  \n2.1 Unequal exposure to extreme weather events ................ 46  \n2.2 Unequal exposure to rising sea levels and floods ............... 54  \n2.3 Unequal exposure to diseases .......................... 59  \n2.4 GDP losses: climate change aggravates between-country inequality .. 66  \n2.5 Exposure, vulnerability and resilience: the distribution of climate damage 72  \n3 Tackling climate inequalities 87  \n3.1 Taking stock of mitigation & financial efforts to curb climate inequalities . 88  \n3.2 Progressive taxes to fill the climate funding gap ................ 99  \n3.3 Earning more, but also spending better .................... 118  \n3.4 Towards an ecological welfare state ...................... 124  \n3.5 Summary: An inequality check for climate & development policies ... 126  \nSummary recommendations 129  \nAppendix 132  \nReferences 139  \nExecutive Summary  \n.  \nWHY THIS REPORT?  \nThe climate crisis has begun to disrupt human societies by severely affecting the very foundations of human livelihood and social organisation. Climate impacts are not equally distributed across the world: on average, low- and middle-income countries suffer greater impacts than their richer counterparts. At the same time, the climate crisis is also marked by significant inequalities within countries. Recent research reveals a high concentration of global greenhouse gas emissions among a relatively small fraction of the population, living in emerging and rich countries. In addition, vulnerability to numerous climate impacts is strongly linked to income and wealth, not just between countries but also within them.  \nThe aim of this report is twofold. It endeavours first to shed light on these various dimensions of climate inequality in a systematic and detailed analysis, focusing on low-and middle-income countries in particular. It then builds on these insights, together with additional empirical work and interviews with experts, to suggest pathways to development cooperation, and tax and social policies that tackle climate inequalities at their core.  \nOUR KEY FINDINGS  \nAll individuals contribute to emissions, but not in the same way. The top 10% of global carbon emitters generate almost half of all greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, in addition to an obvious equity concern, there appears to be an efficiency question at stake. The marginal effort required to achieve the same emission reductions might be significantly lo","cbCaieIuCs9vYz3b","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieIuCs9vYz3b","pdf",10247197,149,"English","# Executive summary\n## Why this report?\n## Our key findings\n# Introduction\n# Unequal contributions to climate change\n## Within-country carbon inequality explains the bulk of global carbon emissions inequality\n# Unequal impacts of climate change\n# Tackling climate inequalities","[{\"question\":\"Why does the report focus on climate inequality?\",\"answer\":\"Climate impacts are unevenly distributed across countries and within them. The report addresses inequalities in emissions, vulnerability, and the capacity to finance climate action, aiming to inform development, tax and social policy pathways.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the report’s main findings on emissions contributions?\",\"answer\":\"All individuals contribute to emissions, but not equally. The top 10% of global carbon emitters generate almost half of all greenhouse gas emissions, raising both equity and efficiency questions for policy design.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report suggest tackling climate inequalities?\",\"answer\":\"It proposes policies that align incentives for high emitters to reduce emissions, supports effective climate funding through mechanisms such as progressive taxes, and advances broader social and development measures including an ecological welfare state approach.\"}]","Climate Inequality Report 2023 - Executive Summary | PDF",375]