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It explains how critics differ due to intellectual focus, prejudices, and ethical or religious values, and how criticism is shaped by the theory of poetry and the spirit of the age. It outlines major phases from Hellenic, Hellenistic, and Graeco-Roman periods to Romantic, Victorian, and the Modern Age, then connects Roman literature and drama to Aristotelian principles and related critical debates.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/classical-roman-criticism-quick-revision/330645/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/classical-roman-criticism-quick-revision/330645.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Theodora","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",16,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is literary criticism, according to the document?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Literary criticism is an exercise of judgement on works of literature. It involves examining excellencies and defects and finally evaluating artistic worth.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Why do critics reach different views of the same work?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The document states that critics vary in attitude, intellectual pre-occupation, prejudices, and predilections. A critic’s religious beliefs and ethical values also influence aesthetic appreciation.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which key ideas influenced Roman literature and criticism?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Roman literature and criticism were largely influenced by Aristotle, especially the unities of time, place, and action. The document also connects Roman dramatic elements like the chorus and dramatic conventions to Aristotelian thought.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},330645,1790028896,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},687197207919,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000253d6f5f7c60be?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779446848396160552","Classical Roman Criticism  \nQuick Revision:  \n• Etymologically the word criticism is derived from Greek word meaning ‘Judgement’. It is an excerise in judgement. Literary criticism is the exercise of judgment on works of literature. To examine the excellencies and defect and finally to evaluate the artistic worth is the function of criticism. It is not as simple as it appears because we have a host of conflicting views, theories and definitions. Cause of such diversity bring out the complexity of nature of criticism.  \n• Critics vary in their attitude, intellectual pre-occupation, prejudices and predilections. A critic with religious beliefs and a set of ethical values will hold a view consistent with his aesthetic appreciation. Theory of criticism is also closely connected with the theory of poetry. This in turn is connected with the spirit of the age. The intellectual and moral environment in which a poet, a live will have effect on their attitude and personality. Hence we see a change in criticism visa vis development, social and behavioral sciences  \n– psychological, sociologic, economic thoughts bringing out new approach to criticism. Marxism gave rise to Marxist theory of literary criticism. Existentialism after World War II accounts for existential criticism.  \nPhases of Literary Criticism:  \nHellenic Criticism:  \n• Criticism follows creative activity. In Greece, Plato and Aristotle were the most important critics. Aristotle is the first scientific critic, theorist. A study of poetics is therefore a starting point for students of literature.  \nHellenistic Phase:  \n• By close of third century B.C., Athenian culture declined, Alexandria came up in Egypt. It made a small contribution of preserving, classifying and conducting research.  \nGreeco-Roman :  \n• Rome was capital of Roman Empire.Scholars inspired by ancient Greece, wanted to equal and excel. They aimed at originality, however, were neither original nor comprehensive. Criticism largely consisted of elaboration, interpretation and application of rules. The purity of Aristotle was coloured, clouded by Horace, Quintillion and Longinus.  \nGreeco-Roman :  \n• Rome was capital of Roman Empire.Scholars inspired by ancient Greece, wanted to equal and excel. They aimed at originality, however, were neither original nor comprehensive. Criticism largely consisted of elaboration, interpretation and application of rules. The purity of Aristotle was coloured, clouded by Horace, Quintillion and Longinus.  \nThe Romantic Phase :  \n• French revolution and German idealism had effect on England. Hollow rules were discarded. Wordsworth’s “Preface to the lyrical Ballads” and Coleridge’s “Biographia Literaria” paved the way leading to new beauty.  \nVictorian Criticism:  \n• Mood and individualism of romantics resulted in many excesses and absurdities. Mathew Arnold, a leading critic leading aesthetic movement as a consequence of French symbolist Baudelaire “Art for arts sake” cult of Walter Pater turned to impressionism and expressive.  \nThe Modern Age :  \n• T.S.Eliot the Neo classic sought to correct the faults of impressions by appealing to tradition and authority. Dr. I.A.Richard on the other hand turned to psychology.  \nF.R.Leavis is one of the most competent critics of Textual school. Situation appears chaotic but it appears to be too early to predict which school will have permanent validity.  \nThe pen is the tongue of the mind.– Horace  \nRoman literature and criticism was largely influenced by the views of Aristotle, particularly his views on the unities of time, place, and action. Roman writers agreed with the Aristotelian view that the epic should be characterised by a lofty theme and epic poems like The Aeneid are illustrations of the extent to which Roman writers adhered to the tenets of the Greek masterminds. This is why it is called the Augustan age of neo-clasicism, as Virgil wrote during the time of Augustus Caesar and produced his masterpiece epic. Its influence was not onl","cbCaid78rnmAs5GE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaid78rnmAs5GE","pdf",356634,"English","# Classical Roman Criticism\n## Quick Revision\n## Phases of Literary Criticism","[{\"question\":\"What is literary criticism, according to the document?\",\"answer\":\"Literary criticism is an exercise of judgement on works of literature. It involves examining excellencies and defects and finally evaluating artistic worth.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do critics reach different views of the same work?\",\"answer\":\"The document states that critics vary in attitude, intellectual pre-occupation, prejudices, and predilections. A critic’s religious beliefs and ethical values also influence aesthetic appreciation.\"},{\"question\":\"Which key ideas influenced Roman literature and criticism?\",\"answer\":\"Roman literature and criticism were largely influenced by Aristotle, especially the unities of time, place, and action. The document also connects Roman dramatic elements like the chorus and dramatic conventions to Aristotelian thought.\"}]","Classical Roman Criticism - Quick Revision | PDF",1789989628,14]