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The content explains principal focus of a concave mirror, calculates focal length using radius of curvature, and identifies which mirror forms an erect and enlarged image. It also addresses why convex mirrors are used in vehicle rear views. Refraction sections discuss bending of light towards the normal in air to water, speed of light in glass from refractive index, and comparisons using optical density tables, including fastest and slowest travel media.",{"@graph":69,"@context":126},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/class-x-ncert-science-light-reflection-and-refraction/657095/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/class-x-ncert-science-light-reflection-and-refraction/657095.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Blue Pony","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118,122],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the principal focus of a concave mirror?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Light rays parallel to the principal axis converge to a specific point on the principal axis after reflection. This point is called the principal focus of the concave mirror.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do you calculate the focal length from the radius of curvature of a spherical mirror?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"For a spherical mirror, the radius of curvature R equals 2 times the focal length f. Hence f = R/2, as used in the exercises for both convex and concave mirrors.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why is a convex mirror preferred as a rear-view mirror in vehicles?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"A convex mirror forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image with a wider field of view, allowing the driver to see most of the traffic behind.",{"name":123,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":124},"How does refraction determine the speed of light in a medium?",{"text":125,"@type":113},"The refractive index n equals the speed of light in vacuum divided by the speed in the medium (n = c/v). Rearranging gives v = c/n, which is used to compute the speed of light in glass.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":128,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":130,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":132,"site_id":62},657095,1793001997,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":135},{"doc_id":132,"user_id":136,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":137,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":138,"file_id":139,"file_url":140,"file_type":141,"file_size":142,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":143,"language":144,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":145,"faqs":146,"seo_title":147,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":148,"read_time":36},962090760266,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Class X-NCERT-Science  \n# Light Reflection and Refraction\n\nIntext Exercise 1  \nQuestion 1:  \nDefine the principal focus of a concave mirror.  \nSolution 1:  \nLight rays that are parallel to the principal axis of a concave mirror converge at a specificpoint on its principal axis after reflecting from the mirror.This point is known as theprincipal focus of the concave mirror.  \nQuestion 2:  \nThe radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm.What is its focal length?  \nSolution 2:  \nRadius of curvature,R=20cm  \nRadius of curvature of a spherical mirror=2×Focal length(f)R=2ff=R/2=20/2=10cm  \nHence,the focal length of the given spherical mirror is 10 cm.  \nQuestion 3:  \nName the mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image of an object.  \nSolution 3:  \nWhen an object is placed between the pole and the principal focus of a concave mirror,the image formed is virtual,erect,and enlarged.  \nQuestion 4:  \nWhy do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles?  \nSolution 4:  \nConvex mirrors give a virtual,erect,and diminished image of the objects placed in frontof it.They are preferred as a rear-view mirror in vehicles because they give a widerfield of view,which allows the driver to see most of the traffic behind him.  \nLight Reflection and Refraction  \nIntext Exercise 2  \n## Question 1:\n\nFind the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius of curvature is 32cm.  \n## Solution 1:\n\nRadius of curvature,R=32cm  \nRadius of curvature=2×Focal length(f)R=2ff=R/2=32/2=16cm  \nHence,the focal length of the given convex mirror is 16 cm.  \n## Question 2:\n\nA concave mirror produces three times magnified(enlarged)real image of object placedat 10cm in front of it.Where is the image located?  \n## Solution 2:\n\nMagnification produced by a spherical mirror is given by the relation,  \nm=Height of the image/Height of the Object=-Image Distance/Object distance  \nm=h1/h0=-v/u  \nLet the height of the object,ho =h  \nThen,height of the image,h1=-3h(Image formed is real)-3h/h=-v/uv/u=3  \nObject distance,u=-10 cmv=3×(-10)=-30 cm  \nHere,the negative sign indicates that an inverted image is formed at a distance of30 cm in front of the given concave mirror.  \nIntext Exercise 3  \n## Question 1:\n\nA ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into water.Does the light ray bendtowards the normal or away from the normal?Why?  \n## Light Reflection and Refraction\n\n### Solution 1:\n\nThe light ray bends towards the normal.When a ray of light travels from an optically rarermedium to an optically denser medium,its speed slows down and it bends towards the normal.Since water is optically denser than air,a ray of light travelling from air into the water will bendtowards the normal.  \n### Question 2:\n\nLight enters from air to glass having refractive index 1.50.What is the speed of light inthe glass?The speed of light in vacuum is 3×10^8m s-1.  \nSolution 2:  \nRefractive index of a medium n{subscript}m is given by,  \nn{subscript}m=Speed Of light in vacuum/Speed of Light in the medium=c/vSpeed of light in vacuum,c=3×10^8ms-1Refractive index of glass,n{subscript}g=1.50  \nSpeed of light in the glass,v=Speed of light in Vacuum/Refractive index of glassv=c/n{subscript}g=3x 10^8/1.50=2x 10^8 ms^-1  \nThus,speed of light in the glass =2x10^8 ms^-1  \n### Question 3:\n\nFind out,from Table,the medium having highest optical density.Also find the mediumwith lowest optical density.  \n\n| Material  \u003Cbr>medium   | Refractive index   | Material medium   | Refractive  \u003Cbr>index   |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Air   | 1.0003   | Canada Balsam   | 1.53   |\n| Ice   | 1.31   |  |  |\n| Water   | 1.33   | Rock salt   | 1.54   |\n| Alcohol   | 1.36   |  |  |\n\nClass X-NCERT-Science  \nLight Reflection and Refraction  \n\n| Kerosene   | 1.44   | Carbon disulphide   | 1.63   |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Fused  \u003Cbr>quartz   | 1.46   | Dense  \u003Cbr>flint glass   | 1.65   |\n| Turpentine oil   | 1.47   | Ruby   | 1.71   |\n| Benzene   | 1.50   | Sapphire   | 1.77   |\n| Crown  \u003Cbr>glass   | 1.52   | ","cbCaidCrn8V8PmOq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidCrn8V8PmOq","pdf",990710,16,"English","# Intext Exercise 1\n## Question 1\n## Question 2\n## Question 3\n## Question 4\n# Intext Exercise 2\n## Question 1\n## Question 2\n# Intext Exercise 3\n## Question 1\n## Question 2\n## Question 3\n## Question 4\n## Question 5","[{\"question\":\"What is the principal focus of a concave mirror?\",\"answer\":\"Light rays parallel to the principal axis converge to a specific point on the principal axis after reflection. This point is called the principal focus of the concave mirror.\"},{\"question\":\"How do you calculate the focal length from the radius of curvature of a spherical mirror?\",\"answer\":\"For a spherical mirror, the radius of curvature R equals 2 times the focal length f. Hence f = R/2, as used in the exercises for both convex and concave mirrors.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is a convex mirror preferred as a rear-view mirror in vehicles?\",\"answer\":\"A convex mirror forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image with a wider field of view, allowing the driver to see most of the traffic behind.\"},{\"question\":\"How does refraction determine the speed of light in a medium?\",\"answer\":\"The refractive index n equals the speed of light in vacuum divided by the speed in the medium (n = c/v). Rearranging gives v = c/n, which is used to compute the speed of light in glass.\"}]","Class X - NCERT Science - Light Reflection and Refraction | PDF",1792973931]