[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-45597-en":3,"doc-seo-45597-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},45597,3848291630094,"Emma Wilson","https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45",8,"Research & Report","Civil Military Relations in a Civilized State Panama","Analyzes civil-military relations in Panama through the rise and fall of the National Guard and later the Panamanian Defense Forces. Places U.S. influence at the center of political change, from constitutional authorization for intervention to support for security actors during the 1930s–1950s and the 1989 U.S. invasion. Assesses post-1989 governance after the 1992 abolition of the military and evaluates how terrorism, domestic security, and regional canal concerns could drive potential remilitarization.","July 2005  \n# Civil-Military Relations in a Civilized State:Panama\n\nRonald D.Sylvia  \nSan Jose State University  \nConstantine P.DanopoulosSan Jose State University,constantine.danopoulos@sjsu.edu  \nFollow this and additional works at:http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/pols_pubPart ofthe Comparative Politics Commons,and the International Relations Commons  \n# Recommended Citation\n\nRonaldD.Sylvia and Constantine P.Danopoulos.\"Civil-Military Relations in a Civilized State:Panama\"Journal ofPolitical andMilitary Sociology(2005).  \nThis Article is brought to you forfee and open acessby the Political Science at SJSU ScholarWorks.It has been accepted forindusion in FacultyPublications by an authorized administrator ofSJSU ScholarWorks.For more information,please contact scholarworks@sjsu.edu.  \nCIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONSINA CIVILIANIZED STATE:PANAMA  \nRONALD D.SYLVIACONSTANTINE P.DANOPOULOS  \nSan Jose State University  \nJournal of Political and Military Sociology,2005,Vol.33,No.1 (Summer):81-96  \nThis article traces and analyzes civil-military relations in Panama.After abrief overview of the role of the National Guard in the country politics,thearticle concentrates on political developments since the 1989 U.S.invasion tooverthrow the Noriega regime and the subsequent elimination of thePanamanian military.The study seeks to shed light on political life in an army-less and politically and socially fractionalized country occupying a sensitivestrategic location.The concluding part of the study speculates on thepossibility that terrorism,domestic security concerns,and regionalconsiderations may prompt Washington and Panamanian leaders to reversethe decision to abolish the country's military institution.  \nAs Egypt is a gift of the Nile,Panama owes its very existence as anindependent country to the Panama Canal.The need to have a waterway thatwould connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans prompted President TheodoreRoosevelt's administration to seize control of a part of Colombian territory in1903 and establish an independent,vassal country.The small and weakPanamanian state has always been overtly dependent on the United States,andAmerica exercises paramount and pervasive influence on every aspect ofPanamanian life.Article 136 of the country's constitution,for example,grantsWashington “the right to intervene in any part of Panama,to re-establish peaceand constitutional order if it had been disturbed”(Ropp,1991:371).Thecountry's paper currency is the American dollar.This dominant andoverwhelming influence made the American factor the source of all that wenton in the country,positive as well as negative.Richard L.Millett captures theessence of this uneasy relationship:“As great as is the actual U.S.influence inPanama,its psychological influence is even greater.\"As such,\"there is a longhistory of blaming the United States for everything from the excesses of thePanamanian military to the influence of drug trade”(Millett,1996:94).  \nWhen it came to choosing between realpolitic and respect fordemocracy and respect for national sovereignty,Washington chose realpoliticand intervened in Panamanian politics to protect America's commercial andother interests,including control over the Canal and the ten-mile wide CanalZone.Toward this goal the U.S.encouraged and supported the rising politicalrole of the country's National Police in the 1930s(reorganized and renamed as  \nthe National Guard in the early 1950s)as a counterweight to the perceived anti-Americanism of the Panamanian nationalists(Partido Panamenista Autentico-PPA),led by the charismatic Arnulfo Arias Madrid.Yet,the U.S.did nothesitate to move against the Guard(which in 1983 was revamped and renamedPanama's Defense Forces—FDP)in December 1989,when American forcesinvaded Panama and brought down the military regime of General ManuelAntonio Noriega.With Washington's approval,if not outright insistence,thePanamanian National Assembly defied the results of a national referendumdesigned to abolish the FDP a","cbCaioTtUgv9xGg5","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioTtUgv9xGg5","pdf",806944,2,1,18,"English","en",105,"# Civil-Military Relations in a Civilianized State: Panama\n## Background and U.S. Influence\n## The Role, Rise, and Fall of the Military\n## Post-1989 Civilian Politics and Security Challenges\n## Prospects for Remilitarization","[{\"question\":\"What is the central focus of the article on Panama’s civil-military relations?\",\"answer\":\"The article traces and analyzes the role, rise, and fall of Panama’s military in its political landscape and evaluates political life after U.S. withdrawal in an army-less country.\"},{\"question\":\"How did U.S. policy shape Panama’s military and political developments?\",\"answer\":\"U.S. influence supported security forces as a counterweight to Panamanian nationalism, then later intervened in 1989 to remove the Noriega military regime, with subsequent steps leading to the 1992 elimination of the military.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the article consider the abolition of Panama’s military as potentially reversible?\",\"answer\":\"It concludes that terrorism, domestic security concerns, and regional considerations, especially related to canal security, could lead Washington and Panamanian leaders to reconsider ending the country’s military 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is the central focus of the article on Panama’s civil-military relations?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The article traces and analyzes the role, rise, and fall of Panama’s military in its political landscape and evaluates political life after U.S. withdrawal in an army-less country.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How did U.S. policy shape Panama’s military and political developments?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"U.S. influence supported security forces as a counterweight to Panamanian nationalism, then later intervened in 1989 to remove the Noriega military regime, with subsequent steps leading to the 1992 elimination of the military.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Why does the article consider the abolition of Panama’s military as potentially reversible?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"It concludes that terrorism, domestic security concerns, and regional considerations, especially related to canal security, could lead Washington and Panamanian leaders 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