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The dominance of these metrics is examined as a problem: pay-to-publish and competitive incentives can drive gaming through citation practices, title and author selection, and manipulation of journal behavior. The discussion also addresses when self-citation becomes excessive and how citation networks can be modeled and quantified.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/citations-and-gamed-metrics-academic-integrity-lost/588203/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/citations-and-gamed-metrics-academic-integrity-lost/588203.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aditya","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-08","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are author-based and journal-based metrics and citations treated as key recognition currency in academia?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"They are widely used as surrogates for prestige, scientific credit, and influence, shaping how success and reputation are evaluated in scholarly publishing.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What does the document identify as ways metrics such as JIF and CiteScore can be gamed?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It describes gaming via pay-to-publish schemes, manipulation of citation behavior, and journal strategies that aim to boost JBM/JIF through contribution selection, title manipulation, and citation-related practices.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Under what circumstances is self-citation considered excessive?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The document frames excessive self-citation around whether citations remain scholarly support for facts; it contrasts valid scholarly citations with invalid frivolous or stacked references that dilute relevance, especially in vanity publishing contexts.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},588203,1792768623,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":19,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":52,"preview_page_count":4},962085564549,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Acad. Quest . (2021) 34.1 DOI 10. 51845/34s .1.18  \nCitations and Gamed Metrics: Academic Integrity Lost  \nJaime A. Teixeira da Silva  \nAuthor-based metrics (ABMs) and journal-based metrics (JBMs), as well as citations, are the dominant currency of intellectual recognition in academia. These metrics and citations continue to be dominated by the Clarivate Analytics Journal Impact Factor (JIF) and are still widely used as a surrogate to determine prestige, scientific credit, and influence.1 However, their dominance in this area needs to be rethought, especially in China, which accounts for approximately 19 percent of total scientific research papers globally.2 China, like several other countries, games the JIF for financial compensation in pay-to-publish schemes based on JIF-carrying journals.3 A competing metric, CiteScore, is also showing signs of being gamed.4 It is possible that CiteScore may have evolved, following Goodhart’s Law, as JIF’s relevance as an “academic” metric began to fray.5 The culture of metrics, especially the JIF, to measure success, reputation, and productivity, or JIF-based praise platforms such as Clarivate Analytics’“Highly Cited Researchers” report inflate the problem because they elevate the perceived excellence of single individuals above all others, when in fact most publishing success is collaborative.6 The survival of many academics and journals in this publish-or-perish culture depends on such metrics, as authors seek journals with higher JIFs in which to publish their findings. In the gold  \n1 Erin C. Mc Kiernan, Lesley A . Schimanski, Carol Muñoz Nieves, Lisa Matthias, Meredith T. Niles, Juan  \nP. Alperin,“Use of the Journal Impact Factor in Academic Review, Promotion, and Tenure Eva luations,” e Life 8 (2019): e47338 .  \n2 Rob Johnson, Anthony Watkinson, Michael Mabe,“The STM Report: An Overview of Scientific and Scholarly Publishing,” 5th edition, International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands, 213 (October 2018) .  \n3 Jaime A . Teixeira da Silva,“Does China Need to Rethink its Metrics—and Citation-Based Research Rewards Policies?” Scientometrics 112, no . 3 (2017): 1853-1857.  \n4 Jaime A . Teixeira da Silva,“CiteScore: Advances, Evolution, Applications, and Limitations .” Publishing Research Quarterly 36, no . 3 (2020): 459-468.  \n5 Michael Fire, Carlos Guest rin,“Over-optimization of Academic Publishing Metrics: Observing Goodhart’s Law in Action,” GigaScience 8, no . 6 (2019): giz053 .  \n6 Jaime A . Teixeira da Silva, Sylvain Bernès,“Clarivate Analytics: Continued Omnia Van itas Impact Factor Culture,” Science and Engineering Ethics 24, no . 1 (2018): 291-297.  \nJaime A. Teixeira da Silva is an independent researcher in Miki-cho, Japan; [jaimetex@yahoo.com. The](jaimetex@yahoo.com. The)[ ](jaimetex@yahoo.com. The)[author thanks Prof. Panagiotis Tsigaris](author thanks Prof. Panagiotis Tsigaris), Thompson Rivers University, Canada, for his valuable insights and feedback.  \nopen access model, this can result in higher article processing charges, which may be inflated to meet market demand.7 Journals can even manipulate the chances of boosting their JBM/JIF by encouraging or selecting certain types of contributions that contribute towards the JIF, or by manipulating titles, or even the selection of highly cited authors or areas in their references.8 Since federal or public funding is often based on the ranking of journals, the abuse of ABMsand JBMs lies beyond a lack of professionalism. Not only does JBM manipulation constitute academic misconduct, there is a widening discussion about the need to criminalize journals that game their JIF.9  \nUnder which circumstances is self-citation by authors or journals considered to be excessive? This question lies at the core of whether the use of a citation is valid. Generally, if a citation is used in a scholarly manner to support a statement or a fact, then it is a valid academic citation. A refer","cbCaimBa6N2gmskE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimBa6N2gmskE","pdf",227789,"English","# Metrics and citations in academic recognition\n## Gaming incentives and competing indicators\n## Impact-factor culture and collaborative publishing\n## Excessive self-citation and validity of citations\n## Modeling citation and co-authorship networks","[{\"question\":\"Why are author-based and journal-based metrics and citations treated as key recognition currency in academia?\",\"answer\":\"They are widely used as surrogates for prestige, scientific credit, and influence, shaping how success and reputation are evaluated in scholarly publishing.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the document identify as ways metrics such as JIF and CiteScore can be gamed?\",\"answer\":\"It describes gaming via pay-to-publish schemes, manipulation of citation behavior, and journal strategies that aim to boost JBM/JIF through contribution selection, title manipulation, and citation-related practices.\"},{\"question\":\"Under what circumstances is self-citation considered excessive?\",\"answer\":\"The document frames excessive self-citation around whether citations remain scholarly support for facts; it contrasts valid scholarly citations with invalid frivolous or stacked references that dilute relevance, especially in vanity publishing contexts.\"}]","Citations and Gamed Metrics: Academic Integrity Lost | PDF",1792064743]