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The review focuses on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-derived CTC formation, the marker shift from EpCAM to mesenchymal markers such as vimentin, and major marker sets used for identification, including EpCAM, CD44/CD24, cytokeratins, HER2/neu, and vimentin. It also discusses immune-based isolation and enrichment approaches and the clinical potential for early detection and personalized treatment to halt disease progression and multidrug resistance.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/circulating-tumor-cell-markers-for-early-detection-and-drug-resistance-assessment-through-liquid-biopsy-review/365243/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/circulating-tumor-cell-markers-for-early-detection-and-drug-resistance-assessment-through-liquid-biopsy-review/365243.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Mia  ","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-25","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",10,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why are circulating tumor cells (CTCs) important for cancer management?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"CTCs provide insights into metastasis, tumor genotype evolution during treatment, and development of chemo- and radio-resistance, helping assess disease progression and therapeutic response.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does EMT contribute to CTC formation and drug resistance?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"During EMT, tumor cells downregulate epithelial markers such as EpCAM and upregulate mesenchymal markers like vimentin, driven by transcription factors including Snail and Twist, which enhances migration and invasiveness and is linked to chemotherapy resistance.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Which CTC surface markers are commonly discussed for identification?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Markers include EpCAM for epithelial cancers; CD44 and CD24 for cancer stem cell–associated profiles; cytokeratins such as CK8 and CK18; and additional markers like HER2/neu and vimentin depending on cancer type and stage.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},365243,1790198305,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,120,123,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":125},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},687207024478,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","TYPE Review  \nPUBLISHED 07 April 2025  \nDOI 10.3389/fonc.2025.1494723  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nSharon R. Pine,  \nUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, United States  \nREVIEWED BY  \nMichele Zanoni,  \nScientific Institute of Romagna for the Study and Treatment of Tumors (IRCCS), Italy Giulia Gallerani,  \nUniversity of Bologna, Italy  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nN. Rajendra Prasad  \n [drprasadnr@gmail.com](drprasadnr@gmail.com)  \nRECEIVED 11 September 2024  \nACCEPTED 18 March 2025  \nPUBLISHED 07 April 2025  \nCITATION  \nYadav P, Rajendrasozhan S, Lajimi RH, Patel RR, Heymann D and Prasad NR (2025) Circulating tumor cell markers for early  \ndetection and drug resistance assessment through liquid biopsy.  \nFront. Oncol. 15:1494723 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1494723  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2025 Yadav, Rajendrasozhan, Lajimi, Patel, Heymann and Prasad. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the  \nCreative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) .  \nThe use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nCirculating tumor cell markers for early detection and drug resistance assessment through liquid biopsy  \nPriya Yadav 1, Saravanan Rajendrasozhan 2,3, Ramzi Hadj Lajimi 2,3, Raja Ramadevi Patel 3,4, Dominique Heymann 5,6,7  \nand N. Rajendra Prasad 1*  \n1 Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India, 2 Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Ha’ il, Ha’ il, Saudi Arabia, 3 Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha’ il, Ha’ il, Saudi Arabia, 4 Department of  \nBiology, College of Science, University of Ha’ il, Ha ’ il, Saudi Arabia, 5 Nantes Universite´, CNRS, US2B, UMR 6286, Nantes, France, 6 Institut de Cance´ rologie de l’Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medecine Laboratory, Saint-Herblain, France, 7 Medical School, University of Sheffield,  \nSheffield, United Kingdom  \nCirculating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancerous cells that extravasate from the primary tumor or metastatic foci and travel through the bloodstream to distant organs. CTCs provide crucial insights into cancer metastasis, the evolution of tumor genotypes during treatment, and the development of chemo- and/or radio-resistance during disease progression. The process of Epithelial-tomesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a key role in CTCs formation, as this process enhances cell ’s migration properties and is often associated with increased invasiveness thereby leading to chemotherapy resistance. During the EMT process, tumor cells lose epithelial markers like EpCAM and acquire mesenchymal markers such as vimentin driven by transcription factors like Snail and Twist. CTCs are typically identified using specific cell surface markers, which vary depending on the cancer type. Common markers include EpCAM, used for epithelial cancers; CD44 and CD24, which are associated with cancer stem cells; and cytokeratins, such as CK8 and CK18 . Other markers like HER2/neu and vimentin can also be used to target CTCs in specific cancer types and stages. Commonly, immune-based isolation techniques are being implemented for the isolation and enrichment of CTCs. This review emphasizes the clinical relevance of CTCs, particularly in understanding drug resistance mechanisms, and underscores the importance of EMT-derived CTCs in multidrug resistance (MDR) . Moreover, the review also discusses CTCs-specific surface markers that are crucial for their isolation and enrichment. Ultimately, the EMT-specific markers found in CTCs could provide significant information to halt the disease progression and enable personalized therapies.  \nKEYWORDS  \nliquid biopsies, circulating tumor cells, multidrug resistance, tumor plasticity, ear","cbCailZA4TgT9TSO","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailZA4TgT9TSO","pdf",3338079,17,"English","# 1 Introduction\n## Cancer burden and therapeutic challenges\n# Key concepts and CTC biology\n## EMT and marker transitions\n## Common CTC surface markers\n# Isolation and enrichment approaches\n## Immune-based techniques\n# Clinical relevance\n## Early detection and drug resistance assessment","[{\"question\":\"Why are circulating tumor cells (CTCs) important for cancer management?\",\"answer\":\"CTCs provide insights into metastasis, tumor genotype evolution during treatment, and development of chemo- and radio-resistance, helping assess disease progression and therapeutic response.\"},{\"question\":\"How does EMT contribute to CTC formation and drug resistance?\",\"answer\":\"During EMT, tumor cells downregulate epithelial markers such as EpCAM and upregulate mesenchymal markers like vimentin, driven by transcription factors including Snail and Twist, which enhances migration and invasiveness and is linked to chemotherapy resistance.\"},{\"question\":\"Which CTC surface markers are commonly discussed for identification?\",\"answer\":\"Markers include EpCAM for epithelial cancers; CD44 and CD24 for cancer stem cell–associated profiles; cytokeratins such as CK8 and CK18; and additional markers like HER2/neu and vimentin depending on cancer type and stage.\"}]","Circulating tumor cell markers for early detection and drug resistance assessment through liquid biopsy - Review | PDF",1790160447,43]