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Research links CIN to diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy response, yet specific relationships with other cancer hallmarks remain incompletely established. Evidence also shows paradoxical outcomes, where high CIN may correlate with improved response or with therapeutic resistance. The review emphasizes recent mechanistic studies and emerging treatments aimed at targeting CIN in breast cancer.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/chromosomal-instability-as-enabling-feature-and-central-hallmark-of-breast-cancer-review/383377/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/chromosomal-instability-as-enabling-feature-and-central-hallmark-of-breast-cancer-review/383377.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Logic","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does chromosomal instability (CIN) mean in cancer biology?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"CIN refers to cell-to-cell variation in the number or structure of chromosomes across a tumor cell population. It is presented as an enabling feature and a central hallmark of cancer.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why are the findings about CIN and therapy response described as paradoxical?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Some studies associate high CIN with better therapeutic response, while others associate high CIN with therapeutic resistance. This indicates complex relationships between CIN and treatment outcomes.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What areas does this review cover, with a focus on breast cancer?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review focuses on recent studies about CIN’s role in cancer, cellular mechanisms that lead to CIN, links between CIN and other cancer hallmarks, and emerging therapeutic approaches targeting this instability.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},383377,1790468862,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1099513958762,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1784791008015729253","Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy Dovepress  \nopen access to scientific and medical research  \n Open Access Full Text Article REVIEW  \nChromosomal Instability as Enabling Feature and Central Hallmark of Breast Cancer  \nGiovanny Castellanos 1 , 2 , Duván Sebastián Valbuena2 , Erika Pérez2 , Victoria E Villegas 3 , Milena Rondón-Lagos 2  \n1Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia; 2School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia; 3Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia  \nCorrespondence: Milena Rondón-Lagos, Tunja, 150003, Colombia, Tel +57 608 7428263, Fax +57 608 7405626, Email [sandra. rondon01@uptc.edu.co](sandra. rondon01@uptc.edu.co)  \nAbstract: Chromosomal instability (CIN) has become a topic of great interest in recent years, not only for its implications in cancer diagnosis and prognosis but also for its role as an enabling feature and central hallmark of cancer. CIN describes cell-to-cell variation in the number or structure of chromosomes in a tumor population. Although extensive research in recent decades has identified some associations between CIN with response to therapy, specific associations with other hallmarks of cancer have not been fully evidenced. Such associations place CIN as an enabling feature of the other hallmarks of cancer and highlight the importance of deepening its knowledge to improve the outcome in cancer. In addition, studies conducted to date have shown paradoxical findings about the implications of CIN for therapeutic response, with some studies showing associations between high CIN and better therapeutic response, and others showing the opposite: associations between high CIN and therapeutic resistance. This evidences the complex relationships between CIN with the prognosis and response to treatment in cancer. Considering the above, this review focuses on recent studies on the role ofCIN in cancer, the cellular mechanisms leading to CIN, its relationship with other hallmarks of cancer, and the emerging therapeutic approaches that are being developed to target such instability, with a primary focus on breast cancer. Further understanding of the complexity of CIN and its association with other hallmarks of cancer could provide a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in prognosis and response to treatment in cancer and potentially lead to new drug targets. Keywords: breast cancer, genomic instability, chromosomal instability, clonal heterogeneity, resistance to therapy, therapeutic targets  \nIntroduction  \nIn recent years, CIN has gained great importance due to its implications for both, the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. Recent studies have suggested that both CIN and clonal heterogeneity, influence cancer progression, aggressiveness, prognosis, and response to therapy.1–4 The above because both, CIN and clonal heterogeneity, lead to variations in gene regulation (proto-oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes),5 as well as to variations in the levels of the proteins for which they encode.6 The available evidence on the effect ofCIN and clonal heterogeneity levels on survival and response to therapy in cancer is paradoxical,7 since while some studies have shown associations between CIN and clonal heterogeneity with proliferative advantages and survival,8–10 other studies have shown associations with decreased proliferation 11 and better outcomes in cancer patients.12, 13 This evidences the complex role played by CIN and clonal heterogeneity in the prognosis and response to cancer treatment. The studies carried out to date suggest that CIN and clonal heterogeneity could be considered as therapeutic targets, aimed at improving response to treatment, reducing side effects, and overcoming resistance to cancer therapy.14 This review focuses on recent s","cbCaijH2zwiCXKLG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijH2zwiCXKLG","pdf",8415158,23,"English","# Introduction\n# General Overview of Genomic Instability and CIN\n## Genomic Instability as a Distinctive Hallmark of Cancer","[{\"question\":\"What does chromosomal instability (CIN) mean in cancer biology?\",\"answer\":\"CIN refers to cell-to-cell variation in the number or structure of chromosomes across a tumor cell population. It is presented as an enabling feature and a central hallmark of cancer.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are the findings about CIN and therapy response described as paradoxical?\",\"answer\":\"Some studies associate high CIN with better therapeutic response, while others associate high CIN with therapeutic resistance. This indicates complex relationships between CIN and treatment outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"What areas does this review cover, with a focus on breast cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on recent studies about CIN’s role in cancer, cellular mechanisms that lead to CIN, links between CIN and other cancer hallmarks, and emerging therapeutic approaches targeting this instability.\"}]","Chromosomal Instability as Enabling Feature and Central Hallmark of Breast Cancer - Review | PDF",1790256438,58]