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Using fourth-grade data, students’ perceived choice in reading materials correlates with literacy achievement, even after accounting for teacher-reported provision and student interest.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/choice-matters-equity-and-literacy-achievement/594847/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/choice-matters-equity-and-literacy-achievement/594847.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Mary Man","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",5,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"How does students’ perceived freedom of choice relate to literacy achievement?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Data from fourth-grade students show that students’ perception of choice in their reading materials is associated with literacy achievement, even when controlling for teacher-reported text choice and student interest.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What theory-based conditions make choice intrinsically motivating in reading?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Choice is argued to be effective when it supports autonomy (quality of self-governance), competence (the psychological need for competence), and relatedness (secure relational supports).",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Why is “true choice” important compared with externally determined choice?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The findings and argument emphasize that true choice—where students perceive the choice as residing within them—links to greater learning than choice determined externally by a teacher. It may be especially important to expand perceived options for students with the lowest in-school literacy competencies.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},594847,1792758667,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},7421720224475,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","UC Berkeley  \nBerkeley Review of Education  \nTitle  \nChoice Matters: Equity and Literacy Achievement  \nPermalink  \nhttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/44t3z7q3  \nJournal  \nBerkeley Review of Education, 8(2)  \nAuthors  \nMcClung, Nicola A.  \nBarry, ElaineNeebe, Dianaet al.  \nPublication Date  \n2019  \nDOI  \n10.5070/B80037656  \nPeer reviewed  \neScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library  \nUniversity of California  \nAvailable online at http://eScholarship.org/uc/ucbgse_bre  \nChoice Matters: Equity and Literacy AchievementNicola A. McClung,a1 Elaine Barry,b Diana Neebe,aYvette Mere-Cook,c Qi Wang,d and Millie Gonzalez-Balsame  \naSchool of Education, University of San Francisco  \nbSophie’s Scholars Programs, Sacred Heart Schools, Atherton, CaliforniacEarly and Special Education Department, Boise State University  \ndLanguage and Professional Program, Middlebury Institute of International Studies at MontereyeDepartment of English, Palo Alto High School, Palo Alto, California  \n# Abstract\n\nStudents’freedom of choice is critical to promoting equity and literacy in the classroom.When students choose what they read, they are more likely to find books that represent their lives,interests, and personal desires and feel that they are autonomous and can self-regulate learning.Previous research suggests that offering choice during learning activities increases motivation.However, less is known about whether choice is related to reading performance and which factorspredict choice. Examining data from fourth-grade students, we found that students’perception ofchoice in their reading materials is associated with literacy achievement, even when accountingfor the degree to which the teacher reports providing choice of texts in the classroom and studentinterest. These findings suggest that true choice (i.e., choice that resides within the student) islinked to greater learning than choice that a teacher determines externally. Further, we argue itmay be especially important for educators to explore ways to expand the perceived optionsavailable to students with the lowest demonstrated in-school literacy competencies.  \nKeywords: autonomy, choice, interest, literacy, motivation, equity  \nChoice allows people to do better at, enjoy, and persist at activities because they feelthat they have autonomy, self-control, and the ability to determine their own fate(deCharms, 1968; Deci, Koestner, & Ryan, 2001; Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryan & Deci,2019) . In the context of literacy, we argue that true choice—opportunities in whichindividuals feel that they can select what they read—facilitates intrinsic motivation toread, and thereby comprehension, because students are empowered to find texts thatmatch their experiences, interests, and preferences. Although literacy educators haverecommended the use of choice in the classroom (Duke, Pearson, Strachan & Billman,2011; Flowerday & Schraw, 2000; Krashen, 2004; Miller, 2009; Trelease, 2006; Turner& Paris, 1995), more research is needed to establish the relationship between choice andreading comprehension. In this study, we used data from fourth-grade students in theUnited States to investigate the relationship between choice and literacy achievement,  \n1 Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Nicola A. McClung, ED 130, School ofEducation, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA, 94117. Email: namcclung@usfcal.edu. We would like tothank Hamid Mohammed Ahmed, Danae Nurnberg, Laleh Talepour, and Rajeev Virmani for their feedbackon this work.  \nBerkeley Review of Education Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 147–178  \n148 McClung, Barry, Neebe, Mere-Cook, Wang, & Gonzalez-Balsam  \nand to explore opportunities for choice as they related to student characteristics such asinterest and in-school reading competencies.  \nTheoretical Framework  \nWe worked within an interdisciplinary framework that draws from self-determinationtheory (Deci et al., 2001; Deci & Ryan, 1985) and the pedagogy of multiliteracies (Freire,1970; N","cbCaiqGWqGX9SuIh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqGWqGX9SuIh","pdf",1163421,33,"English","# Abstract\n## Theoretical Framework","[{\"question\":\"How does students’ perceived freedom of choice relate to literacy achievement?\",\"answer\":\"Data from fourth-grade students show that students’ perception of choice in their reading materials is associated with literacy achievement, even when controlling for teacher-reported text choice and student interest.\"},{\"question\":\"What theory-based conditions make choice intrinsically motivating in reading?\",\"answer\":\"Choice is argued to be effective when it supports autonomy (quality of self-governance), competence (the psychological need for competence), and relatedness (secure relational supports).\"},{\"question\":\"Why is “true choice” important compared with externally determined choice?\",\"answer\":\"The findings and argument emphasize that true choice—where students perceive the choice as residing within them—links to greater learning than choice determined externally by a teacher. It may be especially important to expand perceived options for students with the lowest in-school literacy competencies.\"}]","Choice Matters - Equity and Literacy Achievement | PDF",1792079956,83]