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This systematic review sought to identify and synthesize clinical-material research on CLICs in oncology to evaluate their potential as novel biomarkers and personalized therapy targets. PubMed searches retrieved original studies across cancer types, using clinical fluids and tissues as material.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/chloride-intracellular-channels-in-oncology-as-potential-novel-biomarkers-and-personalized-therapy-targets-a-systematic-review/331151/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/chloride-intracellular-channels-in-oncology-as-potential-novel-biomarkers-and-personalized-therapy-targets-a-systematic-review/331151.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ezra","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-25","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) and why are they relevant to cancer?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"CLICs are ion channels (CLIC1–CLIC6) expressed at the cellular level and secreted into interstitial fluid and blood. They participate in physiological functions and are involved in cancer-related processes within the tumor microenvironment.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How did the systematic review search and select studies?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The authors systematically searched PubMed for original articles on CLIC research using clinical material across all cancer types, including fluids and tissues. Reviews were excluded.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What did the review find regarding CLICs as biomarkers and therapy targets?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Across the qualified studies, multiple CLIC members showed different expression patterns in cancerous tissues and patient blood versus healthy controls. 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Published by Via Medica.  \nAll rights reserved. e-ISSN 2083–4640  \nISSN 1507–1367  \nISSN: 1507–1367  \nREVIEW ARTICLE  \nReports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy 2024, Volume 29, Number 2, pages: 258–270  \nDOI: 10.5603/rpor.99674  \nSubmitted: 17.11.2023  \nAccepted: 29.02.2024  \nChloride intracellular channels in oncology as potential novel biomarkers and personalized therapy targets:  \na systematic review  \nBartosz Wojtera1, 2, Kamila Ostrowska1, 2, Mateusz Szewczyk1, Michał M. Masternak1, 3, Wojciech Golusiński1  \n1Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland 2Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland 3Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States  \nABSTRACT  \nBackground: The chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) family includes six ion channels (CLIC1-CLIC6) expressed on the cellular level and secreted into interstitial fluid and blood. They are involved in the physiological functioning of multiple systems as well as the pathogenetic processes of cancer. CLICs play essential roles in the tumor microenvironment. The current systematic review aimed at identifying and summarizing the research of CLICs in oncology on clinical material to assess CLICs’potential as novel biomarkers and personalized therapy targets.  \nMaterials and methods: The authors systematically searched the PubMed database for original articles concerning CLIC research on clinical material of all types of cancer—fluids and tissues.  \nResults: Fifty-three articles investigating in summary 3944 clinical samples were qualified for the current review. Studied material included 3438 tumor samples (87%), 437 blood samples (11%), and 69 interstitial fluid samples (2%) . Studies investigated 21 cancer types, mostly hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal, ovarian, and gastric cancer. Importantly, CLIC1, CLIC2, CLIC3, CLIC4, and CLIC5 were differently expressed in cancerous tissues and patients’ blood compared to healthy controls. Moreover, CLICs were found to be involved in several cancer-associated signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK, and MAPK/p38 .  \nConclusion: CLIC family members may be candidates for potential novel cancer biomarkers due to the contrast in their expression between cancerous and healthy tissues and secretion to the interstitial fluid and blood. CLICs are investigated as potential therapeutic targets because of their involvement in cancer pathogenesis and tumor microenvironment.  \nKey words: biomarker; therapy target; targeted treatment; microenvironment; CLIC1; CLIC4; liquid biopsy Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2024;29(2):258–270  \nIntroduction  \nNovel oncological treatment strategies pursue individualization. Personalized therapies are becoming accessible due to extensive investigation of cancer biomarkers and targeted treatment [1] .  \nWorldwide research leads to the development of combinatorial therapies targeting multiple cancer-associated processes [2] . A comprehensive investigation of tumor microenvironment (TME) increases the number of possible diagnostic and therapeutic targets [3] . Recent oncological  \nAddress for correspondence: Bartosz Wojtera, ul. Garbary 15, 61–866 Poznań; [e-mail: bartosz.wojtera@wco.pl](e-mail: bartosz.wojtera@wco.pl)  \nThis article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, allowing to download articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially  \n258 [https://journals.viamedica.pl/rpor](https://journals.viamedica.pl/rpor)  \nresearch focuses on various types of potential predictive factors, such as microRNA [4], cance","cbCaitZdeMX1GN32","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitZdeMX1GN32","pdf",537865,13,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Materials and methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Introduction\n# Materials and methods","[{\"question\":\"What are chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) and why are they relevant to cancer?\",\"answer\":\"CLICs are ion channels (CLIC1–CLIC6) expressed at the cellular level and secreted into interstitial fluid and blood. They participate in physiological functions and are involved in cancer-related processes within the tumor microenvironment.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the systematic review search and select studies?\",\"answer\":\"The authors systematically searched PubMed for original articles on CLIC research using clinical material across all cancer types, including fluids and tissues. Reviews were excluded.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the review find regarding CLICs as biomarkers and therapy targets?\",\"answer\":\"Across the qualified studies, multiple CLIC members showed different expression patterns in cancerous tissues and patient blood versus healthy controls. CLICs were also linked to cancer-associated signaling pathways and tumor microenvironment involvement, supporting their potential as biomarker and therapeutic target candidates.\"}]","Chloride intracellular channels in oncology as potential novel biomarkers and personalized therapy targets - a systematic review | PDF",1789991960,33]