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Graphene oxide sheets are sulfonated and conjugated with folic acid to achieve controlled release and high CHL loading. CHL is loaded onto the functionalized GO surface via π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions, and drug release is evaluated at pH 7.4 and pH 5.5. Particle size, absorption, and loading efficiency are reported for FA-conjugated GO (CHL-GO). Release is slower at neutral pH and faster under acidic conditions, with higher cumulative drug release at pH 5.5. Biotoxicity testing against human cervical adenocarcinoma cells shows lower cytotoxicity for CHL-loaded nano-vesicles (IC50 = 18 μM) compared to CHL-free material (IC50 = 8 μM).",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/chlorambucil-loaded-graphene-oxide-based-nano-vesicles-for-cancer-therapy-article/386730/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/chlorambucil-loaded-graphene-oxide-based-nano-vesicles-for-cancer-therapy-article/386730.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"pixelkiddo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How are the graphene-oxide nano-vesicles prepared for chlorambucil delivery?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Graphene oxide is sulfonated and conjugated with folic acid, then chlorambucil is loaded onto the functionalized GO surface through π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does pH affect chlorambucil release from the CHL-loaded GO nano-vesicles?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Drug release decelerates at pH 7.4 and accelerates at pH 5.5. Cumulative release reaches 73% after 9 h at pH 5.5, while at pH 7.4 release remains much lower in the early period and increases slowly.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What do the biotoxicity results indicate about CHL-loaded nano-vesicles?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Cell viability assays against human cervical adenocarcinoma cells show CHL-loaded nano-vesicles have lower cytotoxicity (IC50 = 18 μM) than CHL-free material (IC50 = 8 μM), supporting improved biomedical suitability.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},386730,1790815732,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962090883892,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e00115db34f3e0f11b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1790152879550218658","pharmaceutics  \nArticle  \nChlorambucil-Loaded Graphene-Oxide-Based Nano-Vesicles for Cancer Therapy  \nSurabhi Kumari 1, Anuj Nehra 1,2, Kshitij Gupta 3,†, Anu Puri 3, Vinay Kumar 4, Krishna Pal Singh 1,5,*, Mukesh Kumar 6 and Ashutosh Sharma 7, *  \nCitation: Kumari, S.; Nehra, A.; Gupta, K.; Puri, A.; Kumar, V.; Singh, K.P.; Kumar, M.; Sharma, A.  \nChlorambucil-Loaded Graphene-Oxide-Based  \nNano-Vesicles for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023, 15, 649 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)pharmaceutics15020649  \nAcademic Editors: Eleftherios Halevas and Chrysoula Kokotidou  \nReceived: 26 December 2022  \nRevised: 3 February 2023  \nAccepted: 5 February 2023  \nPublished: 15 February 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Bio-Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Biophysics Unit, College of Basic Science & Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India  \n2 Department of Physics, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India  \n3 Basic Research Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institute of Health, Post Office Box. Building 469, Room No. 216A, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA  \n4 Department of Physics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India  \n5 Vice Chancellor Secretariat, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly 243006, Uttar Pradesh, India  \n6 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurgaon 122505, Haryana, India  \n7 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea  \n* Correspondence: [kps.biophysics@gmail.com](kps.biophysics@gmail.com) (K.P.S.); [ashu.materials@gmail.com](ashu.materials@gmail.com) (A.S.); Tel.: +82-1095345040 (A.S.)  \n† Present address: Genes N Life Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad 500082, Telangana, India.  \nAbstract: In this study, the authors have designed biocompatible nano-vesicles using graphene oxide (GO) for the release of chlorambucil (CHL) drugs targeting cancerous cells. The GO sheets were first sulfonated and conjugated with folic acid (FA) molecules for controlled release and high loading efficiency of CHL. The chlorambucil (CHL) drug loading onto the functionalized GO surface was performed through 􀀙-􀀙 stacking and hydrophobic interactions with the aromatic planes of GO. The drug loading and “in vitro” release from the nano-vesicles at different pH were studied. The average particle size, absorption, and loading efficiency (%) of FA-conjugated GO sheets (CHL-GO) were observed to be 300 nm, 58%, and 77%, respectively. The drug release study at different pH (i.e., 7.4 and 5.5) showed a slight deceleration at pH 7.4 over pH 5.5 . The amount of drug released was very small at pH 7.4 in the first hour which progressively increased to 24% after 8 h. The rate of drug release was faster at pH 5.5; initially, 16% to 27% in the first 3 h, and finally it reached 73% after 9 h. These observations indicate that the drug is released more rapidly at acidic pH with a larger amount of drug-loading ability. The rate of drug release from the CHL-loaded GO was 25% and 75% after 24 h. The biotoxicity study in terms of % cell viability of CHL-free and CHL-loaded GO against human cervical adenocarcinoma cell line was found to have lower cytotoxicity of CHL-loaded nano-vesicles (IC 50 = 18 􀀖M) as compared to CHL-free (IC 50 = 8 􀀖M) . It is concluded that a high drug-loading efficiency and controlled release with excellent biotoxicity of CHL-GO offers an excellent application in the biomedica","cbCair6QL7pMgP97","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair6QL7pMgP97","pdf",2556623,14,"English","# Introduction\n# Abstract\n# Keywords","[{\"question\":\"How are the graphene-oxide nano-vesicles prepared for chlorambucil delivery?\",\"answer\":\"Graphene oxide is sulfonated and conjugated with folic acid, then chlorambucil is loaded onto the functionalized GO surface through π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions.\"},{\"question\":\"How does pH affect chlorambucil release from the CHL-loaded GO nano-vesicles?\",\"answer\":\"Drug release decelerates at pH 7.4 and accelerates at pH 5.5. Cumulative release reaches 73% after 9 h at pH 5.5, while at pH 7.4 release remains much lower in the early period and increases slowly.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the biotoxicity results indicate about CHL-loaded nano-vesicles?\",\"answer\":\"Cell viability assays against human cervical adenocarcinoma cells show CHL-loaded nano-vesicles have lower cytotoxicity (IC50 = 18 μM) than CHL-free material (IC50 = 8 μM), supporting improved biomedical suitability.\"}]","Chlorambucil-Loaded Graphene-Oxide-Based Nano-Vesicles for Cancer Therapy - Article | PDF",1790275513,35]