[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40221-en":3,"doc-seo-40221-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40221,16904993612988,"Olivia Brown","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd",8,"Research & Report","China and the Thirtieth of September Movement","The article examines uncertainty over the People’s Republic of China’s role in Indonesia’s Thirtieth of September Movement (G30S) by closely reading PRC archival materials. It argues that Beijing’s actual influence on the PKI and events in 1965 was far more limited than claimed by the Suharto regime and some English-language accounts. New evidence from a PRC record of the Aidit–Mao discussion supports the claim that D. N. Aidit actively participated in planning the movement.","CHINA AND THE  \nTHIRTIETH OF SEPTEMBER MOVEMENT  \nTaomo Zhou  \nIntroduction  \nThere has been a lot of uncertainty around the role of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in Indonesian politics immediately before and during the Thirtieth of September Movement (Gerakan 30 September, hereafter referred as “G30S”) . The idea that Beijing had a hand in G30S has been around since late 1965, when the Indonesian army accused the Chinese government of smuggling arms to the Communist Party of Indonesia (Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI) for a revolt. 1 The army’s newspaper, Angkatan Bersendjata, later made a more aggressive charge against G30S as being an“abortive communist coup planned and arranged by the Peking regime as part of its concept of world revolution.”2 The allegation was instilled in the minds of the general population in Indonesia through the film The Betrayal of the PKI (Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI), a propaganda tool of the Suharto regime that was broadcast annually on  \nTaomo Zhou is a PhD candidate in the Department of History, Cornell University. Her dissertation focuses on the diplomatic relations and transnational social interactions between China and Indonesia during the Cold War. She thanks Chen Jian, Jack Meng-tat Chia, Sherman Cochran, Charles Kraus, Andrew Mertha, Eric Tagliacozzo, and the anonymous reviewer for their comments, and Jeffery Petersen and Carole Atkinson for their help with materials.  \n1 “262 Putjuk Sendjata Dapat Dirampas,”Duta Masyarakat, October 11, 1965. According to this report, among the 262 pieces of weaponry confiscated in the army’s first week of operations against the PKI in the aftermath of G30S, 150 pieces were Tjung rifles.  \n2 “Kisah Gagalanja Coup Gestapu Jang Dimasak di Peking, I: Rezim Peking perintahkan bunuh 7 Djenderal & semua Perwira‘Reaksioner’; RRT sanggupi pengiriman sendjata & perlangkapan untuk 30, 000 orang,” Angkatan Bersendjata, April 25, 1966.  \nIndonesia 98 (October 2014)  \n30 Taomo Zhou  \nthe evening of 30 September for thirteen years and was required viewing for schoolchildren. In the film, Chinese doctors were shown practicing acupuncture with electric shocks on the ailing President Sukarno, and their diagnosis of Sukarno’s health condition as “critically dangerous”was presented as the trigger for the PKI’s coup attempt.3 In the English language world, some writers, such as Victor Fic, Jun Chang, and Jon Halliday, have also ventured the claim that Mao Zedong ordered the PKI to carry out the movement.4 However, none of the accusations mentioned above is built upon reliable evidence. Our knowledge has been incomplete due to the inaccessibility of related documents from the PRC.  \nThis article intends to clarify the role of the Chinese government during this time in Indonesia by a close reading of the PRC’s archival materials. I argue that, although deeply invested in Indonesian politics, Beijing’s actual influence over the PKI and the turn of events in Indonesia in 1965 was far more limited than what the Suharto regime and some English language works have previously claimed. Most importantly, this article will present new evidence confirming the claim that PKI chairman D. N. Aiditwas a willing participant in G30S. In his meeting with Mao Zedong on August 5, 1965, Aidit sketched out the plan for the movement.5 While John Roosa’s Pretext for Mass Murder contends that Aidit had good reasons for choosing G30S as a strategy for dealing with the situation he faced, the book does not contain solid evidence pertaining to Aidit’s role. 6 This single PRC document about the Aidit–Mao discussion fundamentally changes how we understand G30S.  \nThe main body of archival evidence presented in this article was obtained during a brief period of unusual access to the archives. G30S has been a topic subject to state censorship in China. Beijing has been restricting access to Chinese governmental documents in relation to G30S, as well as discouraging relevant academic discussions. In November","cbCaijtvcms0BJPF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijtvcms0BJPF","pdf",469020,3,1,30,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Beijing’s Alleged Involvement and Propaganda Narratives\n## Purpose and Central Argument\n## Archival Access, Declassification, and Limitations","[{\"question\":\"What controversy does the article address regarding the G30S movement?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses long-standing uncertainty about whether the PRC had a hand in Indonesia’s Thirtieth of September Movement (G30S).\"},{\"question\":\"What does the article argue about Beijing’s real influence in 1965?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that, despite strong interest in Indonesian politics, Beijing’s actual influence over the PKI and the course of events was much more limited than previous claims suggested.\"},{\"question\":\"What new evidence does the article present, and why is it important?\",\"answer\":\"The article presents PRC archival material from the Aidit–Mao discussion that confirms the claim that PKI chairman D. N. Aidit was a willing participant in G30S. It claims this record fundamentally changes understanding of the movement.\"}]",1783306982,76,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"china-and-the-thirtieth-of-september-movement","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/china-and-the-thirtieth-of-september-movement/40221/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-16","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What controversy does the article address regarding the G30S movement?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"It addresses long-standing uncertainty about whether the PRC had a hand in Indonesia’s Thirtieth of September Movement (G30S).","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What does the article argue about Beijing’s real influence in 1965?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It argues that, despite strong interest in Indonesian politics, Beijing’s actual influence over the PKI and the course of events was much more limited than previous claims suggested.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What new evidence does the article present, and why is it important?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The article presents PRC archival material from the Aidit–Mao discussion that confirms the claim that PKI chairman D. N. Aidit was a willing participant in G30S. 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