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This study tested Viktor Lowenfeld’s developmental model for children aged 3 to 5, examining whether the proposed stages match contemporary graphic representation patterns. Using a mixed descriptive–comparative design, 218 drawings from educational centers in Madrid were evaluated via stroke, motor control, symbolism, color use, and spatial organization. Results support Lowenfeld’s overall sequence but reveal notable differences in stage onset, including pre-schematic manifestations at age 3 and continued scribbling in some 5-year-olds, highlighting the role of individual, sociocultural, and technological factors.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/childrens-drawing-and-graphic-development-an-empirical-study-of-the-developmental-stages-according-to-lowenfeld/648501/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/childrens-drawing-and-graphic-development-an-empirical-study-of-the-developmental-stages-according-to-lowenfeld/648501.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mabel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What was the purpose of this study on children’s drawing?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"To analyze the validity of Viktor Lowenfeld’s developmental model by checking whether the proposed stages align with observed drawing patterns in children aged 3 to 5.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"How were the children’s drawings evaluated?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"Each drawing (from a sample of 218) was assessed using criteria derived from Lowenfeld’s model, including stroke, motor control, symbolism, color use, and spatial organization, then classified into one of five stages.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"What did the study find about Lowenfeld’s developmental sequence?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"The general graphic sequence followed Lowenfeld’s scheme, but the age when each stage begins showed notable variation; pre-schematic manifestations appeared as early as age 3 and scribbling persisted in some 5-year-olds.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},648501,1792793777,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":128,"read_time":143},7971474920318,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000ee537e6b0ca360?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1788430171632181674","Article  \nChildren’s Drawing and Graphic Development: An Empirical Study of the Developmental Stages According to Lowenfeld  \nPaula Gil-Ruiz 1, Victoria Martinez-Verez 2,*, William Ospina Toro 3 and Walter Castañeda Marulanda 3  \nAcademic Editor: Vasilis Grammatikopoulos  \nReceived: 3 April 2025  \nRevised: 25 May 2025  \nAccepted: 28 May 2025  \nPublished: 30 May 2025  \nCitation: Gil-Ruiz, P., MartinezVerez, V., Ospina Toro, W., & Castañeda Marulanda, W. (2025) . Children’s Drawing and Graphic Development: An Empirical Study of the Developmental Stages According to Lowenfeld.  \nEducation Sciences, 15(6), 681. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/educsci15060681](doi.org/10.3390/educsci15060681)  \n[Copyright:](Copyright:) © [2025 by](2025 by) the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://cre](https://cre)[ativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](ativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)).  \n1 Department of Artistic, Body and Musical Expression, CES Don Bosco University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [pgil@cesdonbosco.com](pgil@cesdonbosco.com)  \n2 GIR of Psychosocial Analysis and Research, Department of Musical, Visual and Body Expression, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain  \n3 Department of Visual Design, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Manizales 170004, Colombia; [william.ospina@ucaldas.edu.co](william.ospina@ucaldas.edu.co) (W.O.T.); [walter.castaneda@ucaldas.edu.co](walter.castaneda@ucaldas.edu.co) (W.C.M.)  \n* Correspondence: [vita.martinez@uva.es](vita.martinez@uva.es)  \nAbstract: Children’s graphic development reflects cognitive, emotional, motor and social processes, and is an indicator of the infant’s integral development. This study analyzed the validity of Viktor Lowenfeld’s developmental model in children aged 3 to 5 years, assessing whether the stages proposed by the author correspond to the patterns of graphic representation currently observed. A mixed design with a descriptive–comparative approach was used. The sample consisted of 218 drawings collected in educational centers in Madrid. Each drawing was evaluated according to criteria derived from Lowenfeld’s model (stroke, motor control, symbolism, use of color, spatial organization) and classified into one of the five developmental stages. The analysis included descriptive statistics, chisquared tests (χ2 = 104.92, gl = 10, p \u003C 0.0001), and Spearman correlations (ρ = 0.661, p \u003C 0.0001), in addition to qualitative interpretation by inter-rater consensus. The results confirm that the general graphic sequence follows Lowenfeld’s scheme, but with notable variations in the age of onset of each stage. Pre-schematic manifestations were observed in children as young as 3 years old and persistence of scribbling in some 5-year-olds. These findings point to the influence of individual, sociocultural, and technological factors on the rate of graphic development. Lowenfeld’s model remains a valid framework for observing children’s drawing, but its application should be flexible. Interindividual differences and contemporary visual culture require a pedagogical adaptation that addresses the diversity of developmental rhythms. Its integration with inclusive methodologies and future cross-cultural studies is suggested.  \nKeywords: childhood; drawing; art education; cognitive processes; creativity  \n1. Introduction  \nChildren’s drawing is one of the earliest and most expressive forms of nonverbal communication during childhood, and its evolution has been the subject of interest in art education, developmental psychology and pedagogy. Beyond its aesthetic dimension, graphic production in childhood reflects cognitive, emotional, motor, and social processes, becoming an indicator of the infant’s integral development. In this context, the object of the present study is children’s graphic development, that","cbCaiflKQsxnnJUs","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiflKQsxnnJUs","pdf",1647378,18,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Development of children’s drawing as communication\n## Theoretical approaches and developmental stages\n## Diagnostic and projective approaches","[{\"question\":\"What was the purpose of this study on children’s drawing?\",\"answer\":\"To analyze the validity of Viktor Lowenfeld’s developmental model by checking whether the proposed stages align with observed drawing patterns in children aged 3 to 5.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the children’s drawings evaluated?\",\"answer\":\"Each drawing (from a sample of 218) was assessed using criteria derived from Lowenfeld’s model, including stroke, motor control, symbolism, color use, and spatial organization, then classified into one of five stages.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the study find about Lowenfeld’s developmental sequence?\",\"answer\":\"The general graphic sequence followed Lowenfeld’s scheme, but the age when each stage begins showed notable variation; pre-schematic manifestations appeared as early as age 3 and scribbling persisted in some 5-year-olds.\"}]","Children’s Drawing and Graphic Development: An Empirical Study of the Developmental Stages According to Lowenfeld | PDF",45]