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The study separates unpaid domestic labor from unpaid agricultural child labor activities reported by children in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. More than 80% of children participate in household work, while over 50% report agricultural work, with gender differences in task types. Agricultural child labor and schooling correlate with age, gender, household factors, and communitylevel labor rates. Social protection and education for older boys, plus multifaceted poverty and infrastructure interventions, aim to reduce child labor and improve schooling outcomes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/child-labor-activities-and-schooling-decisions-in-rural-cote-divoire-working-paper/583904/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/child-labor-activities-and-schooling-decisions-in-rural-cote-divoire-working-paper/583904.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"\tCallum ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What data does the paper use to study child labor and schooling decisions?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The paper uses data on 1,857 families across 140 rural cocoa-growing communities in Côte d’Ivoire, focusing on child reports from 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the paper distinguish between types of child work?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It distinguishes unpaid domestic labor from unpaid agricultural child labor activities reported by children.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which factors are used to predict agricultural child labor and schooling?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Predictions are based on children’s age and gender, household characteristics (such as parental age, family size, and multidimensional poverty), and community factors, especially community-level child labor rates.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},583904,1792192433,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":41,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},137451211410,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000bb0a9246f588df?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786362646172706240","CHILD LABOR ACTIVITIES AND SCHOOLING DECISIONS IN RURAL CÔTE D’IVOIRE  1  \nCONSORTIUM FOR POLICY RESEARCH IN EDUCATION AUGUST 2023  \nChild Labor Activities and Schooling Decisions in Rural Côte d’Ivoire  \nWORKING PAPER  \nSamuel Kembou Sharon Wolf KajaJasinska AmyOgan  \nAugust 2023  \n(THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK)  \nChild Labor Activities and Schooling Decisions in Rural Côte d’Ivoire  \nSamuel Kembou,† Sharon Wolf,‡ Kaja Jasinska,§ Amy Ogan*  \n† Swiss Graduate School of Public Administration, University of Lausanne. Bâtiment IDHEAP, Quartier Mouline, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.  \nJacobs Foundation, Seefeldquai 17, 8008 Zürich.  \n‡ Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania.  \n3700 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 9104, USA.  \n§ Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto.  \nToronto, ON, Canada.  \n* Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University;  \n5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15289.  \nAbstract  \nWe leverage data on 1,857 families in 140 rural cocoa-growing communities of Côte d’Ivoire to report on child work activities and schooling decisions. We distinguish between unpaid domestic labor and unpaid agricultural child labor activities reported by children in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that more than 80% of children participate in at least one household work activity and more than 50% in at least one agricultural work activity, with differences between boys and girls. Older boys performed more unpaid agricultural work activities, and girls performed more domestic work activities. Thirty-five percent of children were engaged in unpaid agricultural child labor, a rate similar to a national estimate of child labor in cocoa-growing communities of Côte d’Ivoire in 2018/19. Agricultural child labor and schooling are predicted by a child’s age and gender, household factors such as parental age, family size, multidimensional poverty, and community factors, especially communitylevel child labor rates. Social protection and education programs targeting older boys could improve their schooling outcomes and reduce agricultural child labor. Likewise, addressing acute poverty with multifaceted programs reducing consumption-based poverty, poor parental education, and improving community infrastructures could reduce child labor.  \nThis article was produced under the framework of the ILO’s project “From Research to Action” (RTA) (GLO/18/20/USA) . Funding for the article is provided by the United States Department of Labor under cooperative agreement number IL-32462-18-75-K. One hundred per cent of the total costs of the project is financed with Federal funds, for a total of USD 3,360,000. This material does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the United States Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the United States Government. This paper has greatly benefited from comments from Laure Athias, Lorenzo Guarcello and Lorraine Wong and several other seminar participants. Usual disclaimers apply. Corresponding author: Samuel  \nKembou: [samuel.kembou@unil.ch](samuel.kembou@unil.ch).  \nCONSORTIUM FOR POLICY RESEARCH IN EDUCATION AUGUST 2023  \nCHILD LABOR ACTIVITIES AND SCHOOLING DECISIONS IN RURAL CÔTE D’IVOIRE  4  \nIntroduction  \nChild labor affects 160 million children worldwide, with a staggering 87 million of these cases found in Sub-Saharan Africa (ILO and UNICEF 2021) . The agricultural sector employs a majority of child laborers (70%), who often work in small-scale family farming plantations (ILO and UNICEF 2021) . Cocoa production, which is predominantly carried out on family-owned land, significantly contributes to this issue. Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire are the foremost global exporters of cocoa (World Integrated Trade Solutions 2019), and children in cocoa-growing  \ncommunities in those countries are at higher risks of child labor.  \nChild labor has been linked to lower human capital","cbCaidyfNQWVZdhq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidyfNQWVZdhq","pdf",2132222,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Child Labor and Schooling Outcomes\n## COVID-19 Pandemic and Data Constraints\n# COVID-19 Pandemic and Child Labor\n## Shocks to Resources and Schooling\n## Social Protection and Transfers","[{\"question\":\"What data does the paper use to study child labor and schooling decisions?\",\"answer\":\"The paper uses data on 1,857 families across 140 rural cocoa-growing communities in Côte d’Ivoire, focusing on child reports from 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper distinguish between types of child work?\",\"answer\":\"It distinguishes unpaid domestic labor from unpaid agricultural child labor activities reported by children.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors are used to predict agricultural child labor and schooling?\",\"answer\":\"Predictions are based on children’s age and gender, household characteristics (such as parental age, family size, and multidimensional poverty), and community factors, especially community-level child labor rates.\"}]","CHILD LABOR ACTIVITIES AND SCHOOLING DECISIONS IN RURAL CÔTE D’IVOIRE - Working Paper | PDF",1792048915,76]