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It draws on a distinctive dataset that links administrative subsidy receipt records with parental earnings, social assistance information, and public school results. Quasi-experimental estimates assess reading and math test scores and school absences from grades 3–8. Subsidies correlate with lower absenteeism in grades 7–8 and higher grade 3 reading and math scores, mainly for children attending licensed center- or home-based care.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/child-care-subsidy-use-and-childrens-outcomes-in-middle-school/589938/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/child-care-subsidy-use-and-childrens-outcomes-in-middle-school/589938.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Cart","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What outcomes does the study evaluate for middle school students?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study measures reading and math test scores and school absences for grades 3 through 8.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the article estimate the effects of subsidies?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It uses quasi-experimental estimates based on linked administrative records for child care subsidy receipt, parental earnings and assistance, and students’ public school outcomes.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Do the findings show benefits across all children and grades?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"No. Subsidies are associated with reduced absenteeism in grades 7–8 and increased reading and math scores in grade 3, mainly for children whose subsidies were used for licensed center- or home-based care.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},589938,1792070854,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},18829141979164,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","AERA Open  \nOctober-December 2019, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 1–19 DOI: 10. 1177/2332858419884540  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2019. [http://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](http://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nChild Care Subsidy Use and Children’s Outcomes in Middle School  \nWladimir Zanoni  \nChapin Hall at the University of Chicago  \nAnna D. Johnson  \nGeorgetown University  \nThis article examines associations between child care subsidy use in early childhood and children’s middle school outcomes. Using a unique database linking administrative records of child care subsidy receipt with parental earnings, social assistance data, and students’public school outcomes, we generate quasi-experimental estimates of subsidy effects on children’s reading and math test scores and school absences in third through eighth grades. Findings suggest that subsidies are associated with reduced absenteeism in seventh and eighth grades and with increased reading and math scores in third grade, but only for the subset of children whose subsidies were used to attend licensed center-or home-based care. Results provide initial evidence for longer term impacts of the child care subsidy program on children’s school performance.  \nKeywords: child care subsidies, middle school outcomes, low-income, quasi-experiment  \nThe federal child care subsidy program, the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF; henceforth referred to as “childcare subsidies”), is the largest public investment in early care and education for low-income children in the United States. In fiscal year (FY) 2015, federal and state governments spent nearly $8.5 billion on child care subsidies, serving approximately 1.5 million children each month (Office of Child Care, 2016, 2017) . These figures are comparable to the $8.3 and $6.2 billion spent on the federal Head Start program and state-funded public pre-K in 2015, respectively (Barnett et al., 2015; Office of Head Start, 2015) .  \nDespite the child care subsidy program’s potential to affect millions of low-income children every month, the majority of published studies on the topic have focused on maternal employment outcomes rather than effects on children, possibly because the subsidy program was designed primarily to promote parental employment alongside the historic welfare reform legislation of 1996. Thus, the bulk of research evaluating the U.S. child care subsidy program has explored its potential to increase maternal employment, raise mothers’ earnings, and/or reduce welfare participation (e.g., Blau & Tekin, 2007; Ha & Miller, 2015; Herbst & Tekin, 2011; Witte & Queralt, 2003; Zanoni & Weinberger, 2015) .  \nOver the past decade, however, researchers have increasingly turned their attention to assessing direct impacts of subsidy receipt on children. This growing literature—nearly all of which has examined short-term effects of subsidies on child outcomes—has produced mixed conclusions: Some studies find negative or null impacts of subsidies on children’s kindergarten skills (Hawkinson, Griffen, Dong, &  \nMaynard, 2013; Johnson, Martin, & Brooks-Gunn, 2013), while others find negative effects of subsidies on children’s kindergarten test scores (Herbst & Tekin, 2010a, 2010b) that fade out during first grade (Herbst & Tekin, 2016) . Of the studies that have examined direct links from child care subsidies to children’s outcomes, only one extended explorations to outcomes beyond kindergarten (to fifth grade; Herbst & Tekin, 2016) . From a policy perspective, this is a glaring gap in the literature. Without knowing whether the nation’s largest source of funding for low-income children’s early care and education is contributing to positive, negative, or neutral longer term school outcomes, it is impossible to assess the full potential impact of such a substantial public investment.  \nAdditionally, much of the subsidy literatur","cbCaie2RT4075ooC","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaie2RT4075ooC","pdf",1790153,"English","# Overview\n## Research question and dataset\n# Methods\n## Quasi-experimental estimation\n# Findings\n## Absenteeism effects\n## Test score effects\n## Licensed care subgroup results\n# Implications","[{\"question\":\"What outcomes does the study evaluate for middle school students?\",\"answer\":\"The study measures reading and math test scores and school absences for grades 3 through 8.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article estimate the effects of subsidies?\",\"answer\":\"It uses quasi-experimental estimates based on linked administrative records for child care subsidy receipt, parental earnings and assistance, and students’ public school outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"Do the findings show benefits across all children and grades?\",\"answer\":\"No. Subsidies are associated with reduced absenteeism in grades 7–8 and increased reading and math scores in grade 3, mainly for children whose subsidies were used for licensed center- or home-based care.\"}]","Child Care Subsidy Use and Children’s Outcomes in Middle School | PDF",1792068438,48]