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It defines vocabulary, distinguishes active and passive vocabulary, and argues that sufficient vocabulary enables effective communication and supports the development of listening, reading, writing, and speaking skills. The chapter further examines teaching vocabulary as an essential aspect of teaching English as a foreign language, describing classroom challenges, the need for appropriate techniques, and guidance for instructional strategies and materials.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/chapter-ii-review-of-related-literature-vocabulary-and-teaching-vocabulary/426942/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/chapter-ii-review-of-related-literature-vocabulary-and-teaching-vocabulary/426942.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aria Callaghan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the chapter say vocabulary is and why is it important?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Vocabulary is presented as a core material for learners at all school levels. Without sufficient vocabulary, communication is not effective and learners struggle to express ideas orally and in writing.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is the difference between active and passive vocabulary?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Active vocabulary refers to words students understand, pronounce correctly, and can use in speaking and writing. Passive vocabulary refers to words students can recognize and understand when reading or listening, but do not use actively.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why is teaching vocabulary considered crucial in language learning?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Teaching vocabulary is described as crucial because languages are based on words. The chapter notes that many teachers face difficulties and need appropriate techniques and instructional approaches to improve learners’ vocabulary.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},426942,1790993757,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":31},962084926284,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","CHAPTER II  \nREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE  \nThis chapter presents the theories that suit to this research. Definition of vocabulary, teaching vocabulary, Duolingo application and explanation of teaching vocabulary using Duolingo application.  \nA. Vocabulary  \nVocabulary is one of the materials learned by students from all levels of school in Indonesia. Have to master if they want to master English well. It is impossible to succeed in learning languages without mastering vocabulary. Vocabulary is a center of language and of the critical importance of typical language. Without sufficient vocabulary, the human cannot communicate effectively or express his ideas in both oral and written form. To support the speaker’s interaction in communication, vocabulary becomes important because it can be used as a basic foundation to construct a word into a good sequence of the sentence. Therefore, students should have to obtain vocabulary mastery.  \nAccording to experts by Hocket (in Celce-Murcia and Mc Intosh, 1978: 129) states that vocabulary is the easiest aspect at a second language to learn and it hardly requires formal attention in the classroom. Hornby (1995:1331) defines “vocabulary as a list of words used in the book, etc, usually with definition and translation”  \nCommunication can’t run well because there is no good language using of communication. Communication cannot run well without mastering in vocabularies. So, Duolingo application can increasing vocabulary is one of the ways to make students have fun, relax, interested, in the learning process. So this way, there are some steps in this chapter that is what’s the language, the function of language, vocabulary as language element, the teaching of vocabulary.  \nAccording to Finocchiaro (1974: 73), there are two kinds of vocabulary, namely active vocabulary and passive vocabulary. Active vocabulary refers to the words the student understands, can pronounce correctly and use them constructively in speaking and writing. On the other hand, passive vocabulary refers to the words in which the students can recognize and understand while they are reading or listening to someone speaking, but they do not use the words in speaking or in writing.  \nBased on the definition above, I conclude that the more vocabulary the learners have, the easier for them to develop their four skills (listening, reading, writing, and speaking) and learn English asthe foreign language generally. Vocabulary is crucial to be mastered by the learner in order to understand the language. Vocabulary mastery is needed to express our ideas and to be able to understand other people's sayings.  \nHornby (1995) as cited in Alqahtani (2015) defined the mastery of vocabulary as complete knowledge or complete skill. From that definition, mastery means complete knowledge or great skill that makes someone a master in a certain subject. Vocabulary mastery refers to the great skill in processing words of a language (Susanto & Fazlinda, 2016) . It is an individual achievement and possession (Alqahtani, 2015) . Due to that reason, the biggest responsibility of increasing knowledge is in the individual himself. The success in widening the vocabulary mastery requires their own motivation and interest in the words of a language. As in conclusion, vocabulary mastery is an individual’s great skill in using words of a language, which is acquired based on their own interest needs and motivation. Vocabulary mastery plays an important role in the four language skills and it has to be considered that vocabulary mastery is one of the needed components of language (Susanto & Fazlinda, 2016) .  \nB. Teaching Vocabulary  \nIn this chapter review of related literature, the writer begins with what is language in our life and then what’s a function of language itself, because language is a tool of communication. How to make relation or communication, that’s because of language. We can express our ideas and feel by language or communication.  \nTeach","cbCaieEqKYofAYed","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieEqKYofAYed","pdf",254673,"English","# CHAPTER II - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE\n## A. Vocabulary\n## B. Teaching Vocabulary","[{\"question\":\"What does the chapter say vocabulary is and why is it important?\",\"answer\":\"Vocabulary is presented as a core material for learners at all school levels. Without sufficient vocabulary, communication is not effective and learners struggle to express ideas orally and in writing.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the difference between active and passive vocabulary?\",\"answer\":\"Active vocabulary refers to words students understand, pronounce correctly, and can use in speaking and writing. Passive vocabulary refers to words students can recognize and understand when reading or listening, but do not use actively.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is teaching vocabulary considered crucial in language learning?\",\"answer\":\"Teaching vocabulary is described as crucial because languages are based on words. The chapter notes that many teachers face difficulties and need appropriate techniques and instructional approaches to improve learners’ vocabulary.\"}]","CHAPTER II - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE - Vocabulary and Teaching Vocabulary | PDF",1790642276]