[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-419859-105":59,"doc-detail-419859-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","chapter-ii-literature-review-speaking","CHAPTER II - Literature Review - Speaking","","Chapter II, Literature Review, examines the concept of speaking as a productive oral skill and a dynamic process of structured communication. It defines speaking through prior research, emphasizing the reception, production, and exchange of information using verbal and non-verbal symbols. The review further focuses on English speaking skill for high school students, outlining relevant definitions and explaining speaking proficiency in terms of pronunciation, fluency, vocabulary, grammar, and effective idea expression. It then analyzes fluency, identifies major challenges such as limited vocabulary, fear in public speaking, and low self-confidence, and introduces assessment criteria involving speaking rate, pause rate, and disfluent syllables.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/chapter-ii-literature-review-speaking/419859/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/chapter-ii-literature-review-speaking/419859.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Himbo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How is speaking defined in this literature review?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Speaking is described as a productive oral skill and a dynamic, structured communication process involving receiving, producing, and exchanging information through verbal and non-verbal symbols.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What aspects are included in English speaking proficiency?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"English speaking proficiency includes pronunciation, fluency, adequate vocabulary, accuracy, and comprehension of the language used, along with the ability to express ideas effectively across contexts.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What factors are linked to difficulties in achieving fluency?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Fluency problems are linked to limited vocabulary, fear of public speaking that can cause embarrassment and mental blocks, and insufficient self-confidence that affects communication.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},419859,1790973131,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},687197100911,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000239b6f1da00475?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1785132997149421697","CHAPTER II  \nLiterature Review  \n2.1. Speaking  \nAccording to Bailey (2023) says that speaking is productive oral skill. Speaking is defined as a dynamic process involving structured communication, encompassing the reception, production, and exchange of information (Burns and Joyce, 1997) According to definition above, Speaking is a type of oral communication in which the speaker utilizes words and sentences to express meaning. Speaking is a way to issue or express opinions that we want to express by voicing words or sentences. Speaking is a fundamental tool utilized by individuals for communication within social settings. Additionally, it entails the construction and exchange of meaning through the utilization of both verbal and non-verbal symbols across diverse contexts (Chaney, 1998, p. 13) . Interpreting speaking as meaningful oral practice, individuals must comprehend each word uttered when using a foreign language. Proficiency in speaking supports individuals in expressing their compelling ideas verbally. For a more detailed definition of speaking in this research context, the following is the definition of speaking.  \n2.1.1 Definition of English Speaking Skill  \nLearning to speak begins in childhood and typically involves acquiring one's native language, often referred to as the mother tongue. Learning a new language at an older age can be more challenging than learning one's mother tongue. The primary goal of language is communication, emphasizing the importance of speaking as a crucial skill in language acquisition. Speaking, in this research context, refers to English speaking proficiency among high school  \nstudents, who generally have more opportunities to learn English compared to younger students. Several definitions of speaking are relevant to this research.  \nAccording to Bailey (2003), Speaking is a form of productive oral communication, which involves interaction between students and teachers, and includes productive speaking and receptive understanding. Engaging in speaking activities within the classroom offers distinct advantages, as it involves conveying messages or ideas through oral interactions. Moreover, speaking involves constructing sentences in conversations, especially focusing on pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar, which are essential for students' improvement (Baron, 2020) . Speaking skills can serve as indicators of a learner's language acquisition success, as suggested by Pawlak (2018), who indicates that students who are fluent in English may find it easier to express themselves in subject classes. These theories suggest that regular practice in listening and speaking is essential for learners to achieve ease and fluency in verbal communication. Baron (2020) also defines English speaking proficiency as the ability to communicate orally in English, covering aspects such as pronunciation, fluency, vocabulary, grammar, and effective expression of ideas across various contexts. Based on these theories, speaking involves conveying ideas, and mastery of various aspects of speaking is necessary for effective idea communication. Learning speaking is considered successful when students can master the five aspects of speaking (pronunciation, fluency, adequate vocabulary, accuracy in speaking, and comprehension of the language used) .  \n2.1.2 Aspect of English Speaking  \nThere are any four characteristics of speaking:  \n1) Fluency  \nFluency in a foreign language is achieved when one can speak with minimal pauses resembling a native speaker, albeit not with the same level of accuracy (Sendi Winaryo and Rosalin Ismayoeng Gusdian, 2021) . Additionally, Hedge (2000) suggests that fluency involves coherent responses, linking words and phrases, employing appropriate stress and intonation, and pronouncing sounds accurately. Segalowitz (2010, p. 48) further explains that utterance fluency encompasses measurable elements like speed, pauses, and hesitations, while perceived fluency reflects listeners'judgment","cbCaij6SThm4mHrr","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaij6SThm4mHrr","pdf",178097,27,"English","# Literature Review\n## Speaking\n### Definition of English Speaking Skill\n### Aspect of English Speaking\n#### Fluency","[{\"question\":\"How is speaking defined in this literature review?\",\"answer\":\"Speaking is described as a productive oral skill and a dynamic, structured communication process involving receiving, producing, and exchanging information through verbal and non-verbal symbols.\"},{\"question\":\"What aspects are included in English speaking proficiency?\",\"answer\":\"English speaking proficiency includes pronunciation, fluency, adequate vocabulary, accuracy, and comprehension of the language used, along with the ability to express ideas effectively across contexts.\"},{\"question\":\"What factors are linked to difficulties in achieving fluency?\",\"answer\":\"Fluency problems are linked to limited vocabulary, fear of public speaking that can cause embarrassment and mental blocks, and insufficient self-confidence that affects communication.\"}]","CHAPTER II - Literature Review - Speaking | PDF",1790618543,42]