[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-575300-105":59,"doc-detail-575300-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":122,"head_meta":124,"extra_data":126,"updated_unix":128},105,"en","chapter-9-the-eicosanoids-cyclooxygenase-lipoxygenase-and-epoxygenase-pathways","Chapter 9 - The Eicosanoids: Cyclooxygenase, Lipoxygenase and Epoxygenase Pathways","","Chapter 9 explains eicosanoids as oxygenated, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids derived primarily from arachidonic acid, presenting the arachidonate cascade as the overarching framework. It distinguishes three major enzymatic routes—cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LO), and epoxygenase (EPOX)—and links each pathway to specific enzymes that drive committed steps. The chapter outlines prostanoid formation, clarifies key structural families, and summarizes early characterization of prostanoids, leukotrienes, and P450-dependent oxidations, emphasizing how pathway control supports therapeutic strategies via enzyme inhibitors and receptor antagonists.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/chapter-9-the-eicosanoids-cyclooxygenase-lipoxygenase-and-epoxygenase-pathways/575300/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/chapter-9-the-eicosanoids-cyclooxygenase-lipoxygenase-and-epoxygenase-pathways/575300.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"WPS_1786070896","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-14",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What are eicosanoids and what is their major precursor?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"Eicosanoids are bioactive, oxygenated long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Their major precursor is arachidonic acid (20 carbon essential fatty acid).","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"What three pathways form oxygenated arachidonic acid derivatives?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"The arachidonate cascade includes three major pathways: cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LO), and epoxygenase (EPOX).",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"How are prostanoids related to the COX pathway?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Prostanoids, including prostaglandins and thromboxanes, are formed via the COX pathway.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},575300,1792014371,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":128,"read_time":143},549768072016,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Chapter 9  \nThe Eicosanoids: Cyclooxygenase, Lipoxygenaseand Epoxygenase Pathways  \nWilliam L. Smith,1 Robert C. Murphy2  \n1Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; 2Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, USA  \nABBREVIATIONS  \n2-AG 2-Arachidonoylglycerol AA Arachidonic acid  \nBLT (1 or 2) Leukotriene B4 receptor (subclass 1 or 2) COX Cyclooxygenase  \ncPLA2 Cytosolic phospholipase A2 CRE cAMP response element  \ncysLT (1 or 2) Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor (subclass 1 or 2) for which leukotriene C4, D4 and E4 are agonists  \nCYP4F(x) Cytochrome P450 isozyme that carries out ω-oxidation of leukotriene B4 (subclass x)  \nEET Epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid EP Prostaglandin E receptor ER Endoplasmic reticulum  \nFLAP 5-Lipoxygenase-activating protein HETE Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid HpETE Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid LO Lipoxygenase  \nLT Leukotriene (followed by letter to designate structural type) NSAID Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug  \nPG Prostaglandin (followed by letter to designate structural type) PGHS Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase  \nPLA2 PhospholipaseA2  \nsPLA2 Secretory phospholipase A2 TXAS TxA synthase  \nBiochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63438-2.00009-2](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63438-2.00009-2)  \nCopyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 259  \n260 Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \n1.1 Background, Terminology, Structures and Nomenclature  \nThe term ‘eicosanoids’ is widely used to denote a group of bioactive, oxygenated, long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids containing 18–22 carbons (Smith, 2008) . The major precursor of these compounds is the 20 carbon essential fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA; all cis 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) . The pathways leading to oxygenated AA derivatives are known collectively as the‘arachidonate cascade’(Figure 1) . There are three major pathways within this cascade: the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LO) and epoxygenase (EPOX) pathways. In each case, these pathways are named after the enzyme(s) that catalyses the committed step. The prostanoids, which include the prostaglandins and thromboxanes, are formed via the COX pathway. The first part of our discussion will focus on the prostanoids. Later in this chapter, we describe the LO and EPOX pathways. Because of space limitations, we cite relevant reviews and not primary references in most of the chapter. Additional information about many aspects of the topics covered here can be found in a collection of detailed reviews published in 2011 in a special thematic issue of Chemical Reviews.  \nThe major eicosanoids are products of nutritionally essential ω-6 essential fatty acids. The essentiality of this group of fatty acids relates in large part to their functions as eicosanoids (Smith, 2008; Zheng et al. , 2011) . Prostanoids and leukotrienes were discovered as vasoactive substances active on reproductive and pulmonary smooth muscle, respectively. The structures of the more stable prostanoids were determined in the late 1950s and early 1960s by workers at the Karolinksa Institute in Sweden and Unilever Laboratories in the Netherlands. The leukotrienes were initially known as slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis. Their structures were determined in the early 1980s. P450-dependent oxidations and epoxidations of polyunsaturated fatty acids were discovered and related to certain vaso-activities in the early 1980s. More recently, soluble epoxide hydrolases have been recognised as pharmacologically important agents converting epoxy acids to inactive products. Details of the pathways and the enzymes and receptors for these various pathways have been characterised since 1965. Because eicosanoid overproduction is associated with a number of pathologies, potent enzyme inhibitors and receptor antagonists have been developed that are wide","cbCaiiQ8tDbKMJYk","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiQ8tDbKMJYk","pdf",1596134,38,"English","# Introduction\n## Background, Terminology, Structures and Nomenclature\n# Prostanoids\n## Prostanoid Structures and Pathways","[{\"question\":\"What are eicosanoids and what is their major precursor?\",\"answer\":\"Eicosanoids are bioactive, oxygenated long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Their major precursor is arachidonic acid (20 carbon essential fatty acid).\"},{\"question\":\"What three pathways form oxygenated arachidonic acid derivatives?\",\"answer\":\"The arachidonate cascade includes three major pathways: cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LO), and epoxygenase (EPOX).\"},{\"question\":\"How are prostanoids related to the COX pathway?\",\"answer\":\"Prostanoids, including prostaglandins and thromboxanes, are formed via the COX pathway.\"}]","Chapter 9 - The Eicosanoids: Cyclooxygenase, Lipoxygenase and Epoxygenase Pathways | PDF",96]