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The study materials define key concepts including political ideology, political socialization, and public-opinion formation. They also explain how public opinion polling works, its limits, and how different opinions vary by saliency, stability, and policy congruence. The outline further analyzes how family, religion, gender, education, and elite vs. mass views shape political attitudes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/chapter-7-public-opinion-review-and-study-outline/344246/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/chapter-7-public-opinion-review-and-study-outline/344246.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Evangeline","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the purpose of Chapter 7 on public opinion?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The chapter explores what public opinion means and investigates how public opinion affects a supposedly democratic form of government.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do polling limitations affect the ability to know public opinion?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The materials discuss limits on opinion polling and the difficulty of accurately determining public opinion, including problems such as contradictory views and inexplicable shifts.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What factors shape political attitudes in political socialization?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The outline identifies family, religion, gender differences, and schooling/information as major influences, and it notes that continuity and transmission of partisanship or ideology can decline over time.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},344246,1790380649,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36,"preview_page_count":4},13056703019662,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253a8e92610077?_k=1778726343310543188","CHAPTER 7  \nPublic Opinion  \nREVIEWING THE CHAPTER  \nCHAPTER FOCUS  \nThe purpose of this chapter is to explore what we mean by public opinion and to ask what sorts of effects public opinion has on our supposedly democratic form of government. After reading and reviewing the material in this chapter, you should be able to do each of the following:  \n1. List the sources of our political attitudes, and indicate which are the most important ones. Assess the influence of various religious traditions on political attitudes.  \n2. Explain why there is no single cleavage between liberals and conservatives in this country and why there are crosscutting cleavages. Explain the significance of these facts. Assess the significance of race in explaining political attitudes.  \n3. Define political ideology and state why most Americans do not think ideologically. Summarize the liberal positions on the economy, civil rights, and political conduct. Describe the major policy packages in the Democratic Party, and indicate which groups in the Democratic coalition can be identified with each package.  \n4. Identify which elite groups have become liberal, and compare their current attitudes with the past political preferences of these groups. Discuss the “new class” theory as an explanation for changes in attitudes. Analyze why these changes are causing strain in the political party system.  \nSTUDY OUTLINE  \nI. Introduction  \nA. Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address …“of the people, by the people, for the people”  \n1. Yet the federal government’s budget is not balanced  \n2. Yet the people have opposed busing  \n3. Yet the ERA was not ratified  \n4. Yet most Americans favor term limits for Congress  \nB. Why government policy and public opinion may appear to be at odds  \n1. Government not intended to do “what the people want”  \na) Framers of Constitution aimed for substantive goals  \nb) Popular rule was only one of several means toward these goals  \nc) Large nations feature many “publics” with many “opinions”  \n(1) Framers hoped no single opinion would dominate  \n(2) Reasonable policies can command support of many factions  \n2. Limits on effectiveness of opinion polling; difficult to know public opinion  \nII. What is public opinion?  \nA. Influences and limitations  \n1. Position taking on nonexistent legislation, contradictory opinions and inexplicable shifts  \n2. Political scientists and polling  \na) 1940s: only a small group of citizens appeared to be informed  \nb) Later studies: many use limited information (cues) to support candidates, parties and policies that reflect their own personal values  \nB. How polling works  \n1. Sampling techniques  \n2. Sampling error  \n3. High accuracy rates―in presidential elections  \nC. How opinions differ  \n1. Saliency: some opinions matter more than others  \n2. Stability: some opinions are more volatile than others  \n3. Policy congruence: some opinions are reflected in government policy more closely than others  \n4. Additional observations  \na) Political socialization matters  \nb) Elite and mass opinion differ  \nIII. Political socialization  \nA. The family  \n1. Child absorbs party identification of family but becomes more independent with age  \n2. Much continuity between generations  \n3. Declining ability to pass on identification  \na) Younger voters exhibit less partisanship; more likely to be independent  \nb) Meaning of partisanship unclear in most families; less influence on policy preferences  \nc) Age related differences in opinions on issues (gay marriage, women’s rights, vouchers, etc.)  \nd) Few families pass on clear ideologies  \nB. Religion  \n1. Religious traditions affect families  \na) Catholic families somewhat more liberal  \nb) Protestant families more conservative  \nc) Jewish families decidedly more liberal  \n2. Two theories on differences  \na) Social status of religious group  \nb) Content of religion’s tradition  \nC. The gender gap  \n1. Journalists note women have “deserted” Republican candidates  \na) It would b","cbCaifcJHPNdrmio","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifcJHPNdrmio","pdf",165362,16,"English","# Reviewing the Chapter\n## Chapter Focus\n## Study Outline\n### Introduction\n### What is public opinion?\n### Political socialization\n### Cleavages in public opinion","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of Chapter 7 on public opinion?\",\"answer\":\"The chapter explores what public opinion means and investigates how public opinion affects a supposedly democratic form of government.\"},{\"question\":\"How do polling limitations affect the ability to know public opinion?\",\"answer\":\"The materials discuss limits on opinion polling and the difficulty of accurately determining public opinion, including problems such as contradictory views and inexplicable shifts.\"},{\"question\":\"What factors shape political attitudes in political socialization?\",\"answer\":\"The outline identifies family, religion, gender differences, and schooling/information as major influences, and it notes that continuity and transmission of partisanship or ideology can decline over time.\"}]","Chapter 7 - Public Opinion - Review and Study Outline | PDF",1790053286]