[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-344266-105":59,"doc-detail-344266-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","chapter-22-who-governs","CHAPTER 22 - Who Governs?","","Chapter 22, “Who Governs?”, reviews major themes in American politics and explains how the federal government’s size and authority developed over time. It outlines why government growth remained limited for nearly 150 years, then identifies the historical and institutional shifts that expanded federal activity. The chapter assesses consequences of activist government, including bureaucratization, policy competition, weaker electoral control, and risks of governmental failure, while examining how structure and ideas shape policy processes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/chapter-22-who-governs/344266/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/chapter-22-who-governs/344266.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Clementine","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why did the federal government’s scope of power not expand much for almost 150 years?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The chapter highlights Supreme Court interpretations that narrowed government authority, popular support for a limited governmental role, and a political system designed to limit government power.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What developments transformed the federal government into a common candidate for solving social and economic problems?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It attributes the transformation to constitutional reinterpretations, changing public opinions (especially during the Great Depression), and shifts in political resources such as more interest groups, more funding for causes, greater court access, and technology improving communication.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What are the general consequences of an enlarged scope of government activity?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Consequences include bureaucratization, increased competing policies, less control by the electorate due to declines in parties and turnout and public confidence, and a greater risk of government failure.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},344266,1790194208,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1374391974564,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253aa45c000a9e?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779874745381141002","CHAPTER 22  \nWho Governs?  \nREVIEWING THE CHAPTER  \nCHAPTER FOCUS  \nThis chapter provides an overview of American politics and central themes ofthe text, namely,“Who Governs? To What Ends?” A broad perspective of the history of American politics is utilized in order to provide a basis for understanding the politics of the past and present, and also to allow you to consider what the future may hold. After reading and reviewing the material in this chapter, you should be able to do each of the following:  \n1. Explain why the size of the federal government and the scope of its power did not increase in many significant ways for almost 150 years.  \n2. Identify and explain specific historical events and developments that triggered the transformation of the federal government into a common candidate for solving an amazing variety of social and economic problems.  \n3. Explain the general consequences of the enlarged scope of government activity.  \n4. Understand how our political culture played a critical role in the foundation of our government and continues to shape political processes and our nation’s development.  \nSTUDY OUTLINE  \nI. Introduction  \nA. Assumption the president and Congress are to address social and economic problems  \n1. Limited concern of government as recently as the Eisenhower administration  \n2. The Founders and the role of the federal government  \nB. Constitutional hurdles to effective federal action  \n1. Separation of powers and checks and balances  \n2. Federalism  \n3. Bicameralism  \nII. Restraints on the growth of government  \nA. For first 150 years government grew slowly  \n1. Supreme Court defined government authority narrowly  \n2. Popular opinion supported a limited governmental role  \n3. The political system was designed to limit government  \nB. System limiting government makes it difficult to abolish programs  \n1. Under Reagan spending increased for many programs  \n2. Bush has also proposed programs that would increase spending  \nIII. Relaxing the restraints  \nA. Changes in Constitutional interpretation  \n1. Bill of Rights incorporated to the states  \n2. Special protection of property rights reduced, business regulation increased  \n3. Congress allowed to give broad discretionary powers to administrative agencies  \nB. Changes in public opinion  \n1. Public demand for government action during Great Depression  \n2. Opinions of political elites changed even faster  \n3. Some programs have been popular with the masses  \nC. Changes in the distribution of political resources  \n1. Number and variety of interest groups have increased  \n2. Funds from organization pursuing causes have grown  \n3. Greater access to the federal courts  \n4. Technological advances have enhanced the power to communicate ideas  \nD. The Old System v. the New System  \nIV. Consequences of activist government  \nA. Need to assess costs and benefits of programs  \nB. General political consequences of the enlarged scope of activity  \n1. Bureaucratization of all organizations  \n2. Rise of competing policies  \n3. Less control by the electorate through the decline of parties and turnout and of public confidence  \n4. Greater risk of government failure  \nV. The influence of structure  \nA. Parliamentary model; if adopted here, would do the following  \n1. Fewer legislative restraints on the executive  \n2. More bureaucratic centralization  \n3. Less citizen participation to challenge or block policies  \n4. Higher taxes and more secrecy  \nB. U. S. model  \n1. More local authority  \n2. Greater citizen participation  \nVI. The influence of ideas  \nA. Preoccupation with rights  \n1. Assumption that affected groups have a right to participate in policy formation  \n2. Willingness to resort to courts  \nB. Effects of rights on government functions  \n1. Harder to make government decisions  \n2. More red tape  \nC. Elite opinion influences which rights have priority  \n1. Favors freedom of expression over management of property  \n2. Mass opinion less committed to freedom o","cbCaiciNb8YNsN3n","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiciNb8YNsN3n","pdf",133563,11,"English","# Reviewing the Chapter\n## Chapter Focus\n## Study Outline\n## Practicing for Exams\n### True/False Questions","[{\"question\":\"Why did the federal government’s scope of power not expand much for almost 150 years?\",\"answer\":\"The chapter highlights Supreme Court interpretations that narrowed government authority, popular support for a limited governmental role, and a political system designed to limit government power.\"},{\"question\":\"What developments transformed the federal government into a common candidate for solving social and economic problems?\",\"answer\":\"It attributes the transformation to constitutional reinterpretations, changing public opinions (especially during the Great Depression), and shifts in political resources such as more interest groups, more funding for causes, greater court access, and technology improving communication.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the general consequences of an enlarged scope of government activity?\",\"answer\":\"Consequences include bureaucratization, increased competing policies, less control by the electorate due to declines in parties and turnout and public confidence, and a greater risk of government failure.\"}]","CHAPTER 22 - Who Governs? | PDF",1790053318,28]