[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-344265-105":59,"doc-detail-344265-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","chapter-21-environmental-policy-review-and-study-outline","CHAPTER 21 - Environmental Policy - Review and Study Outline","","Chapter 21 on Environmental Policy explains why environmental decisions generate winners and losers within the American political system. It contrasts U.S. politics with England by focusing on adversarial procedures, federalism, and the influence of states and local allocations. The chapter analyzes four politics styles—entrepreneurial, majoritarian, interest group, and client—through cases such as global warming, endangered species, automobile emissions, acid rain, and agricultural pesticides. It also outlines key U.S. statutes including the Clean Air Act, Water Quality Improvement Act, and National Environmental Policy Act and evaluates outcomes since 1970.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/chapter-21-environmental-policy-review-and-study-outline/344265/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/chapter-21-environmental-policy-review-and-study-outline/344265.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Clementine","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is environmental policy especially controversial in the U.S.?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Environmental policy creates winners and losers, involves scientific uncertainty, and often takes the form of entrepreneurial politics that uses emotional appeals. It also affects federal and international relations, which increases conflict among stakeholders.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the American political system shape environmental policy compared with England?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"U.S. environmental policy is shaped by adversarial politics, federalism, and separation of powers that create multiple access points and strict compliance requirements. In England, rules are more flexible and regionally adapted, with voluntary compliance and cooperation between government and business.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do the four styles of politics differ in terms of who benefits and who pays?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Entrepreneurial politics tends to benefit most people while few companies pay costs; majoritarian politics benefits most people while most people pay; interest-group politics concentrates benefits for some groups while other groups pay; and client politics typically makes most people pay while some groups benefit.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},344265,1790418947,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1374391974564,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253aa45c000a9e?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779874745381141002","CHAPTER 21  \nEnvironmental Policy  \nREVIEWING THE CHAPTER  \nCHAPTER FOCUS  \nEnvironmental policy, like economic or welfare policy, reflects the unique nature of the American political system. Unlike economic or welfare issues, however, environmental issues lend themselves to entrepreneurial politics, which requires mobilizing the media, dramatizing the issue, and convincing members of Congress that their political reputations will suffer if they do not cast the right vote. It is politics in which an unorganized public benefits at the expense of a well-organized group, such as a manufacturer. After reading and reviewing the material in this chapter, you should be able to do each of the following:  \n1. List three reasons environmental policy tends to be so controversial, providing examples of each reason.  \n2. Describe the role of the American political system and local politics in shaping environmental policy. Contrast these with environmental policy-making in England.  \n3. Distinguish among the following styles of politics in terms of who benefits and who pays:  \nentrepreneurial, majoritarian, interest group, and client.  \n4. Describe the role of entrepreneurial politics in government’s efforts to deal with the issues of global warming and endangered species.  \n5. Outline the major provisions of the Clean Air Act (1970), the Water Quality Improvement Act (1970), the revised Clean Air Act (1990), and the National Environmental Policy Act (1969) .  \n6. Describe the role of majoritarian politics in government’s efforts to reduce automobile emissions. Explain why majoritarian politics worked in some cases and not in others.  \n7. Describe the role of interest-group politics in government’s efforts to resolve the acid rain controversy. List proposed alternative solutions, and outline the terms of the compromise that was reached by Congress and the Bush administration.  \n8. Describe the role of client politics in government’s efforts to regulate the use of agricultural pesticides and timber cutting in U.S. forests.  \n9. Give three reasons why it is so difficult to develop a sane environmental policy in this country. Provide examples of how the EPA is dealing with these problems.  \n10. Discuss the results of environmental protection measures that have been taken since 1970.  \nSTUDY OUTLINE  \nI. Introduction  \nA. Why is environmental policy so controversial?  \n1. Creates both winners and losers  \na) Losers may be interest groups or average citizens  \nb) Losers may not want to pay costs Example: auto exhaust control  \n2. Shrouded in scientific uncertainty Example: greenhouse effect  \n3. Takes the form of entrepreneurial politics  \na) Encourages emotional appeals: “good guys” versus “bad guys”  \nb) May lead to distorted priorities  \nExample: cancer versus water pollution  \n4. Decisions affect federal and international relations  \na) State laws on greenhouse gases and toxic waste cleanup  \nb) Kyoto Treaty and opposition in the Senate  \nII. The American context  \nA. Environmental policy is shaped by unique features of American politics  \n1. More adversarial than in Europe  \na) Rules are often uniform nationally (auto emissions)  \nb) But require many regulators and rules, strict deadlines, and expensive technologies  \nc) Often government (pro-) versus business (anti-)  \nd) Example: Clean Air Act, which took thirteen years to revise in Congress e) In England, rules are flexible and regional  \n(1) Compliance is voluntary  \n(2) Government and business cooperate  \n(3) Policies are effective  \n2. Depends heavily on states  \na) Standards are left to states, subject to federal control  \nb) Local politics decides allocations  \nc) Federalism reinforces adversarial politics; separation of powers provides multiple points of access  \nB. Types of politics  \n1. Entrepreneurial politics  \na) Most people benefit, few companies pay costs  \nb) Example: factories and other stationary sources  \n2. Majoritarian  \na) Most people benefit, most people pay  \nb) Exa","cbCaicAGtJNsK6bl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicAGtJNsK6bl","pdf",133558,"English","# Reviewing the Chapter\n## Chapter Focus\n## Study Outline\n# Introduction\n## Why is environmental policy so controversial?\n# The American context\n## Environmental policy is shaped by unique features of American politics\n## Types of politics\n# Entrepreneurial politics: global warming\n## Entrepreneurial politics gave rise to environmental movement\n## Global warming\n## Endangered species\n# Majoritarian politics: pollution from automobiles","[{\"question\":\"Why is environmental policy especially controversial in the U.S.?\",\"answer\":\"Environmental policy creates winners and losers, involves scientific uncertainty, and often takes the form of entrepreneurial politics that uses emotional appeals. It also affects federal and international relations, which increases conflict among stakeholders.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the American political system shape environmental policy compared with England?\",\"answer\":\"U.S. environmental policy is shaped by adversarial politics, federalism, and separation of powers that create multiple access points and strict compliance requirements. In England, rules are more flexible and regionally adapted, with voluntary compliance and cooperation between government and business.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the four styles of politics differ in terms of who benefits and who pays?\",\"answer\":\"Entrepreneurial politics tends to benefit most people while few companies pay costs; majoritarian politics benefits most people while most people pay; interest-group politics concentrates benefits for some groups while other groups pay; and client politics typically makes most people pay while some groups benefit.\"}]","CHAPTER 21 - Environmental Policy - Review and Study Outline | PDF",1790053316,48]