[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-86610-en":3,"doc-seo-86610-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},86610,34359740700684,"Finn","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1f400023980c374ae676?_k=1777273430885731487",8,"Research & Report","Chapter 14 Synthesis and Structural Studies of Superconducting Perovskite GdBa2Ca3Cu4O10.5+d Nanosystems","The chapter presents the design, solid-state synthesis, and structural characterization of nanocrystalline superconducting perovskite GdBa2Ca3Cu4O10.5+d (GBCCO 1234), a type-2 high-Tc cuprate with superconductivity arising in copper-oxide planes within layered ABO3 perovskite architecture. It outlines reagent selection (Gd2O3, BaCO3, CaO, CuO), stoichiometric formulation, extended manual/ball milling and calcination steps, and discusses how calcination conditions influence density and phase formation. Structural analysis targets XRD-based studies of crystallite size via Debye–Scherrer and Williamson–Hall approaches.","CHAPTER 14  \nSynthesis and structural studies of superconducting perovskite GdBa2 Ca3 Cu4 O 10.5þd nanosystems  \nV.S. Vinila, Jayakumari Isac  \nCentre for Condensed Matter, Department of Physics, CMS College, Kottayam, Kerala, India  \nChapter Outline  \n1. Introduction 319  \n2. Experimental section 320  \n2.1 Materials 320  \n2.2 Synthesis 320  \n2.3 Characterization 322  \n3. Results and discussion 322  \n3.1 XRD analysis of GBCCO 322  \n3.2 Particle size of GBCCO 324  \n3.2. 1 Using Debye Scherrer equation 324  \n3.2.2 Using Williamson Hall plot 332  \n4. Conclusion 337 Acknowledgments 337 References 338  \n1. Introduction  \nSuperconducting ceramics are electronic ceramics with innumerable properties and potential applications [1] . They include superconducting power transmission wires, passive RF, powerful electromagnets, radars, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDS), beam steering magnets in particle accelerators, magnetic field detectors and Josephson junctions, magnetic levitation, logic, and storage functions in computers, RSFQ logic, magnetic separation, integrated circuits, magnetic energy storage devices, Maglev trains, magnets for MRI and other imaging applications in medical field and ultrafast superconductive switches [2e4].Cuprates are widely studied ceramic superconductors, because of their high values of transition temperatures [5e7] . Gd based cuprate  \nDesign, Fabrication, and Characterization of Multifunctional Nanomaterials. [https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820558-7.00022-4](https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820558-7.00022-4)  \n[Copyright](Copyright) © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  \nsuperconductors attracted the attention of many researchers due to their immense superconducting, magnetic and thermoelectric applications [8e10] . Mo¨ssbauer studies on Gd based Bismuth ceramic superconductors [11], stabilization of the tetragonal phase and superconducting behavior of RBa2(Cu 1􀀁x Fex)3Oy (R ¼ Y, Gd) [12], thermodynamicstabilities of RCoO3 (R ¼ Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd or Dy) using solid oxideeelectrolyte emf technique [13] and grain refinement and enhancement of critical current density in the V0.60Ti0.40 alloy superconductor with Gd addition [14] have been studied. Electric field in Eu, Gd and Yb based high Tc superconductors have been analyzed [15] . Trapped field of 17.6T in melt-processed, bulk Gd-Ba-Cu-O reinforced with shrink-fit steel has been reported [16] .  \nIn this work, focus is on the designing, synthesis and structural studies of nanocrystalline, superconducting perovskite GdBa2Ca3Cu4O 10.5þd or GBCCO 1234 (as per the conventional nomenclature of ceramic superconductors) or simply GBCCO which is a type 2, high Tc superconductor (HTSC) which enters into its superconducting state at high values of temperature (materials showing superconductivity at high temperatures, approximately above 30 K are generally called “high temperature [high Tc] superconductors” or HTSC [17]) . It belongs to the family of quasi two-dimensional cuprate superconductors named Ba2Ca(n-1)CunO(2nþ4-d) where n ¼ 2,3,4 etc. [18]; “n”  \ntakes the value four in GBCCO. They share a two-dimensional layered perovskite of ABO3 structure [19,20] with superconductivity taking place in a copper-oxide plane [21] . Alternating layers of oxygen deficient copper-oxide planes produce superconductivity in oxy carbonate cuprates [22] . Element Gd which shows superconducting properties [23] is used, so as to enhance superconductivity in the final ceramic. As far as the available information, GBCCO is a new material.  \n2. Experimental section  \n2.1 Materials  \nGadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3), Barium Carbonate (BaCO3), Calcium Oxide (CaO) and Cupric Oxide (CuO) (reagents are of 99.99% purity, Fisher Scientific chemicals) .  \n2.2 Synthesis  \nGBCCO is designed and synthesized via solid state reaction route following steps such as selection of precursor powders, weighing them according to molecular formula of the desired product, manual mixing, mechanical mix","cbCaimtg7LOv4THO","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimtg7LOv4THO","pdf",621001,3,1,23,"English","en",105,"# Chapter Outline\n## Introduction\n## Experimental section\n## Materials\n## Synthesis\n## Characterization\n## Results and discussion\n## XRD analysis of GBCCO\n## Particle size of GBCCO\n## Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What material is synthesized and studied in this chapter?\",\"answer\":\"The chapter focuses on nanocrystalline superconducting perovskite GdBa2Ca3Cu4O10.5+d, referred to as GBCCO (GBCCO 1234).\"},{\"question\":\"How is GBCCO synthesized?\",\"answer\":\"GBCCO is synthesized via a solid-state reaction route using precursors Gd2O3, BaCO3, CaO, and CuO, followed by extended mixing, calcination at an optimum temperature, and associated processing steps before characterization.\"},{\"question\":\"Which methods are used for structural and crystallite size analysis?\",\"answer\":\"The chapter reports XRD analysis of GBCCO and determines particle/crystallite size using the Debye–Scherrer equation and the Williamson–Hall plot approach.\"}]",1784236174,58,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"chapter-14-synthesis-and-structural-studies-of-superconducting-perovskite-gdba2ca3cu4o105d-nanosystems","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/chapter-14-synthesis-and-structural-studies-of-superconducting-perovskite-gdba2ca3cu4o105d-nanosystems/86610/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-29","2026-07-16",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What material is synthesized and studied in this chapter?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The chapter focuses on nanocrystalline superconducting perovskite GdBa2Ca3Cu4O10.5+d, referred to as GBCCO (GBCCO 1234).","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How is GBCCO synthesized?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"GBCCO is synthesized via a solid-state reaction route using precursors Gd2O3, BaCO3, CaO, and CuO, followed by extended mixing, calcination at an optimum temperature, and associated processing steps before characterization.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Which methods are used for structural and crystallite size analysis?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The chapter reports XRD analysis of GBCCO and determines particle/crystallite size using the Debye–Scherrer equation and the Williamson–Hall plot 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