[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-344257-105":59,"doc-detail-344257-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","chapter-13-congress-study-outline","CHAPTER 13 - Congress - Study Outline","","Chapter 13 focuses on how the Framers understood Congress’s role and how Congress functions today in terms of organization and member behavior. It guides readers through key contrasts with Parliament, the historical evolution of Congress in both the House and the Senate, and how member characteristics shape policy outcomes. The study outline covers elections, party affiliation, committee reform, the bill-to-law process, and ethical challenges, including issues such as ideology and civility, voting behavior, and representation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/chapter-13-congress-study-outline/344257/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/chapter-13-congress-study-outline/344257.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Evangeline","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are the main differences between Congress and Parliament?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Congress and Parliament differ in how candidates are selected, how party control works, and how representatives perform their primary functions. Congress features primary elections with limited party control and emphasizes representation and action, while Parliament candidates are selected by party and parliamentary work centers on debating national issues.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How did the Framers intend Congress to evolve and function?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The Framers aimed to prevent concentration of power in a single institution and used bicameralism to balance large and small states. Later criticisms such as Congress being too slow are addressed by contrasting centralized vs. decentralized structures depending on whether constituency interests are dominant.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What factors help explain how members of Congress vote?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The outline indicates that member beliefs and interests, sex and race composition, incumbency, and party dynamics influence policy. It also notes that representation links voting to constituents’ positions, with stronger correlations in some areas (e.g., civil rights) and weaker correlations in others (e.g., foreign policy).","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},344257,1790385087,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},13056703019662,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253a8e92610077?_k=1778726343310543188","CHAPTER 13  \nCongress  \nREVIEWING THE CHAPTER  \nCHAPTER FOCUS  \nThe central purpose of this chapter is to describe the Framers’ understanding of the role of Congress and to describe the role and organization of Congress today. You should pay particular attention to the effects of organizational characteristics on the behavior of members of Congress and on the way that the House and the Senate perform their functions. After reading and reviewing the material in this chapter, you should be able to do each of the following:  \n1. Explain the differences between Congress and Parliament.  \n2. Delineate the role that the Framers expected Congress to play.  \n3. Pinpoint the significant eras in the evolution of Congress.  \n4. Describe the characteristics of members of Congress.  \n5. Discuss the relationship between ideology and civility in Congress in recent years.  \n6. Identify the factors that help to explain why a member of Congress votes as she or he does.  \n7. Outline the process for electing members of Congress.  \n8. Identify the functions of party affiliation in the organization of Congress.  \n9. Explain the effect of committee reform on the organization of Congress.  \n10. Describe the formal process by which a bill becomes a law.  \n11. Explain the ethical problems confronting Congress.  \nSTUDY OUTLINE  \nI. Introduction  \nA. Congress: the least popular branch  \nB. Heavily emphasized in the text of the Constitution  \nC. An independent and powerful institution  \nII. Congress versus Parliament  \nA. Parliamentary candidates are selected by party  \n1. Members of Parliament select the prime minister and other leaders  \n2. Party members vote together on most issues  \n3. Renomination depends on loyalty to party  \n4. Principal work is debating national issues  \n5. Very little power, very little pay  \nB. Congressional candidates run in a primary election, with little party control  \n1. Vote is for the man or woman, not the party  \n2. Result is a body of independent representatives  \n3. Members do not choose the president  \n4. Principal work is representation and action  \n5. Great deal of power, high pay; parties cannot discipline members  \nC. Congress a decentralized institution  \n1. Members more concerned with their views and the views of their constituents  \n2. Members less concerned with organized parties and program proposals of president  \nD. Congress can be unpopular with voters  \nIII. The evolution of Congress  \nA. Intent of the Framers  \n1. To oppose concentration of power in a single institution  \n2. To balance large and small states: bicameralism  \nB. Traditional criticism: Congress is too slow  \n1. Centralization needed for quick and decisive action  \n2. Decentralization needed if congressional constituency interests are to be dominant  \nC. Development of the House  \n1. Always powerful but varied in organization and leadership  \na) Powerful Speakers  \nb) Powerful committee chairmen  \nc) Powerful individual members  \n2. Ongoing dilemmas  \na) Increases in size have lead to the need for centralization and less individual influence  \nb) Desire for individual influence has led to institutional weakness  \nD. Development of the Senate  \n1. Structural advantages over the House  \na) Small enough to be run without giving authority to small group of leaders  \nb) Interests more carefully balanced  \nc) No time limits on speakers or committee control of debate  \nd) Senators not elected by voters until twentieth century  \n(1) Chosen by state legislators  \n(2) Often leaders of local party organizations  \n2. Major changes  \na) Demand for direct popular election  \n(1) Intense political maneuvering and the Millionaire’s Club  \n(2) Senate opposition and the threat of a constitutional convention  \n(3) Seventeenth Amendment approved in 1913  \nb) Filibuster restricted by Rule 22―though tradition of unlimited debate remains IV. Who is in Congress?  \nA. The beliefs and interests of members of Congress can affect policy  \nB. Sex and race  \n1. House has ","cbCaioXth8UrseXf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioXth8UrseXf","pdf",225023,26,"English","# Reviewing the Chapter\n## Chapter Focus\n## Study Outline\n# Introduction\n# Congress versus Parliament\n# The evolution of Congress\n# Who is in Congress?\n# Do members represent their voters?","[{\"question\":\"What are the main differences between Congress and Parliament?\",\"answer\":\"Congress and Parliament differ in how candidates are selected, how party control works, and how representatives perform their primary functions. Congress features primary elections with limited party control and emphasizes representation and action, while Parliament candidates are selected by party and parliamentary work centers on debating national issues.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the Framers intend Congress to evolve and function?\",\"answer\":\"The Framers aimed to prevent concentration of power in a single institution and used bicameralism to balance large and small states. Later criticisms such as Congress being too slow are addressed by contrasting centralized vs. decentralized structures depending on whether constituency interests are dominant.\"},{\"question\":\"What factors help explain how members of Congress vote?\",\"answer\":\"The outline indicates that member beliefs and interests, sex and race composition, incumbency, and party dynamics influence policy. It also notes that representation links voting to constituents’ positions, with stronger correlations in some areas (e.g., civil rights) and weaker correlations in others (e.g., foreign policy).\"}]","CHAPTER 13 - Congress - Study Outline | PDF",1790053301,66]