[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-208078-en":3,"doc-seo-208078-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},208078,1099523882367,"Jordan Avery","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc",4,"Exam","Chapter 12 - Reproduction Knowledge organiser","Chapter 12 provides a structured knowledge organiser for reproduction and genetic inheritance. It covers sexual versus asexual reproduction, key terms such as allele, gene, DNA, genome, genotype and phenotype, and explains meiosis, fertilisation and mitosis across development. Genetic inheritance is reinforced through inherited disorders linked to dominant and recessive alleles, plus genetic cross reasoning using Punnett squares and sex determination in humans.","Chapter 12: Reproduction Knowledge organiser  \nTypes of reproduction Genetic inheritance  \n\n| Make sure you can write a definition for these key terms. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| allele | chromosome | clone | DNA | dominant | double helix | fertilisation |  | gamete |  | gene | genetic cross |\n| genome | genotype | heterozygous |  | homozygous | meiosis | mitosis | phenotype |  | Punne | square | recessive |\n\nKey terms  \n| Sexual reproduction | Asexual reproduction |\n| --- | --- |\n| two parents | one parent |\n| cell division through meiosis | cell division through mitosis |\n| joining (fusion) of male and female sex cells (gametes)– sperm and egg in animals, pollen and ovule in plants | no fusion of gametes |\n| produces non-identical offspring that are genetically different to parents | produces offspring that are genetically identical to parent (clones) |\n| results in wide variation within offspring and species | no mixing of genetic information |\n\nGenetic material in the nucleus of a cell is composed of DNA.  \nDNA is made up of two strands forming a double helix. DNA is contained in structures called chromosomes. A gene is a small section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific sequence of amino acids, to produce a specific protein.  \nThe genome of an organism is the entire genetic material of that organism.  \nThe whole human genome has been studied, and this has allowed scientists to  \n• search for genes linked to different diseases  \n• understand and treat inherited disorders  \n• trace human migration patterns from the past.  \nMeiosis  \nMeiosis is a type of cell division that makes gametes in the reproductive organs.  \nMeiosis halves the number of chromosomes in gametes, and fertilisation (joining of two gametes) restores the full number of chromosomes.  \nThe fertilised cell divides by mitosis, producing more cells. As the embryo develops, the cells differentiate.  \nInherited disorders  \nSome disorders are due to the inheritance of certain alleles:  \n• Polydactyly (extra fingers or toes) is caused by a dominant allele.  \n• Cystic fibrosis (a disorder of cell membranes) is caused by a recessive allele.  \nEmbryo screening and gene therapy may alleviate suffering from these disorders, but there are ethical issues surrounding their use.  \n| gamete | specialised sex cell formed by meiosis |\n| --- | --- |\n| chromosome | long molecule made from DNA found in the nucleus of cells |\n| gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein – some characteristics are controlled by a single gene (e.g., fur colour in mice and red-green colour-blindness in humans), but most are controlled by multiple genes interacting |\n| allele | di erent forms of the same gene |\n| dominant | allele that only needs one copy present to be expressed (it is always expressed) |\n| recessive | allele that needs two copies present to be expressed |\n| homozygous | when an individual carries two copies of the same allele for a trait |\n| heterozygous | when an individual carries two di erent alleles for a trait |\n| genotype | combination of alleles an individual has |\n| phenotype | physical expression of the genotype – the characteristic shown |\n\nGenetic crosses  \nSex determination  \nA genetic cross is when you consider the offspring that might result from two known parents. Punnett squares can be used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross, for both the genotypes the offspring might have and their phenotypes.  \nFor example, the cross bb (brown fur) × BB (black fur) in mice:  \nparent cell  \nDNA replicates  \ntwo daughter cells, each with a paired chromosome set  \nfour daughter cells (gametes), each with a single chromosome set and all genetically  \ndifferent  \nmother  \nB B  \nb Bb Bb  \nfather  \nb Bb Bb  \noffspring genotype: 100 % Bb  \noffspring phenotype: all black fur (B is dominant)  \nmother  \nX X  \nX XX XX  \nfather  \nY XY XY  \nDNA and the genome  \nNormal human body cells contain 23 pairs of ","cbCaia31HrUXBGZp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaia31HrUXBGZp","pdf",104419,1,2,"English","en",105,"# Reproduction: Key terms\n## Sexual and asexual reproduction\n## DNA, genes and the genome\n## Meiosis and fertilisation\n# Inherited disorders\n## Dominant and recessive alleles\n## Embryo screening and gene therapy\n# Genetic crosses\n## Sex determination\n## Punnett squares and probabilities\n# Retrieval questions","[{\"question\":\"What is sexual reproduction and how does it differ from asexual reproduction?\",\"answer\":\"Sexual reproduction involves joining male and female gametes and usually involves meiosis and fertilisation. Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring without gamete fusion.\"},{\"question\":\"How do meiosis and fertilisation affect chromosome numbers?\",\"answer\":\"Meiosis halves the number of chromosomes in gametes. Fertilisation restores the full number by joining two gametes.\"},{\"question\":\"How are Punnett squares used in genetic crosses?\",\"answer\":\"Punnett squares predict the possible offspring genotypes and phenotypes from two known parents. They also allow calculation of expected probabilities, such as outcomes from allele combinations.\"}]","Chapter 12 - Reproduction Knowledge organiser | PDF",1788602351,5,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":28},"chapter-12-reproduction-knowledge-organiser","",{"@graph":36,"@context":84},[37,52,67],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/chapter-12-reproduction-knowledge-organiser/208078/",{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":53,"author":54,"headline":13,"publisher":56,"fileFormat":59,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":60,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":59,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":55},"Person",{"url":41,"name":57,"@type":58},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-06","2026-09-05",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What is sexual reproduction and how does it differ from asexual reproduction?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"Sexual reproduction involves joining male and female gametes and usually involves meiosis and fertilisation. Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring without gamete fusion.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"How do meiosis and fertilisation affect chromosome numbers?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"Meiosis halves the number of chromosomes in gametes. Fertilisation restores the full number by joining two gametes.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"How are Punnett squares used in genetic crosses?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"Punnett squares predict the possible offspring genotypes and phenotypes from two known parents. They also allow calculation of expected probabilities, such as outcomes from allele combinations.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":57,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,100,103,107,112,117,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},70,"exam",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":108,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":113,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":114,"show_sort_weight":115,"slug":116},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":119,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":29,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]