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Using serum cotinine as an objective nicotine biomarker, the study links cotinine levels with alpha and beta diversity measured by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of oral rinse samples from 4,387 adults aged 30–69. Results show inverse associations with alpha diversity, significant beta diversity differences by smoking status, and taxonomic shifts across exposure levels, with strongest reductions among older current smokers.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/change-of-oral-microbiome-diversity-by-smoking-across-different-age-groups/416963/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/change-of-oral-microbiome-diversity-by-smoking-across-different-age-groups/416963.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mafia Boss","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What biomarker and study samples were used to assess smoking exposure?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Serum cotinine was used as the primary exposure biomarker of nicotine exposure. Oral microbiome diversity was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing from oral rinse samples.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How did smoking status and age relate to oral microbiome diversity?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Alpha diversity declined progressively with age, with the strongest reduction among current smokers. Beta diversity also differed significantly by smoking status.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which microbial genera changed with higher cotinine exposure?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Higher serum cotinine was associated with decreases in Haemophilus, Neisseria, and Gemella, while Atopobium and Lactobacillus increased.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},416963,1790805505,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},962090760730,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","TYPE Original Research PUBLISHED 19 December 2025 DOI 10. 3389/fmicb.2025.1714229  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nLucinda Janete Bessa,  \nEgas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Portugal  \nREVIEWED BY  \nMuaaz Alajlani,  \nArab International University, Syria Giacomo Antonello,  \nCUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, United States  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nJin-Young Min  \n [minymink@naver.com](minymink@naver.com)[ ](minymink@naver.com)Kyoung-Bok Min  \n [minkb@snu.ac.kr](minkb@snu.ac.kr)  \nRECEIVED 27 September 2025  \nREVISED 08 November 2025  \nACCEPTED 10 November 2025  \nPUBLISHED 19 December 2025  \nCITATION  \nSeo K, Min J-Y, Min K-B, Oh K-H, Ryoo S-W, Son S-Y and Lee J-H (2025) Change of oral microbiome diversity by smoking across different age groups.  \nFront. Microbiol. 16:1714229 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1714229  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2025 Seo, Min, Min, Oh, Ryoo, Son and Lee. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nChange of oral microbiome diversity by smoking across different age groups  \nKang Seo1 , Jin-Young Min2*, Kyoung-Bok Min1,3,4* , Kun-Hee Oh1,3 , Seung-Woo Ryoo1 , Seok-Yoon Son1 and Ji-Hyeon Lee1  \n1 Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 2Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 3 Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 4 Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea  \nIntroduction: The oral microbiome, a complex ecosystem linked to both oral and systemic diseases, undergoes compositional and functional changes with aging. Tobacco exposure is a known disruptor of microbial homeostasis, yet its effect on microbial diversity remains inconsistent. Whether agingmodifies the relationship between smoking and the oral microbiome remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate (1) the association between serum cotinine and oral microbial diversity, (2) whether this association varies by age, and (3) taxonomic shifts that may explain smoking-related dysbiosis.  \nMethod: We analyzed data from 4,387 adults aged 30–69 years in the U. S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2012 . Serumcotinine, an objective biomarker of nicotine exposure, was used as the primary exposure. Oral microbiome diversity was assessed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing of oral rinse samples. Microbial profiles were analyzed using observed amplicon sequence variants and Bray-Curtis. Alpha diversity declined progressively with age, with the most pronounced reduction among current smokers.  \nResults: Serum cotinine was inversely associated with alpha diversity, particularly in current smokers aged 60–69 years (adjusted β = −0 . 1081, p = 0.0002) . Beta diversity differed significantly by smoking status (PERMANOVA p \u003C 0.0001) . Analysis identified 29 genera were associated with serum cotinine: Haemophilus, Neisseria, and Gemella decreased with higher exposure, while Atopobium and Lactobacillus increased. Tobacco exposure is associated with reduced oral microbial diversity, particularly in older adults.  \nDiscussion: This highlights the synergistic impact of aging and smoking on the oral microbiome and underscores the need for age-specific prevention strategies. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm causality and assess thereversibility of smoking-induced dysbiosis.  \nKEYWORDS  \noral microbiome, age specific, cotinine, smoking, alpha div","cbCaibCemuoloB12","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibCemuoloB12","pdf",1927394,12,"English","# Introduction\n## Study rationale and research aim\n# Method\n## Population and biomarkers\n## Microbiome profiling and diversity metrics\n# Results\n## Age-related diversity patterns\n## Associations between cotinine and diversity\n## Taxonomic shifts by exposure\n# Discussion\n## Synergistic effects of aging and smoking\n## Implications and need for prospective studies","[{\"question\":\"What biomarker and study samples were used to assess smoking exposure?\",\"answer\":\"Serum cotinine was used as the primary exposure biomarker of nicotine exposure. Oral microbiome diversity was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing from oral rinse samples.\"},{\"question\":\"How did smoking status and age relate to oral microbiome diversity?\",\"answer\":\"Alpha diversity declined progressively with age, with the strongest reduction among current smokers. Beta diversity also differed significantly by smoking status.\"},{\"question\":\"Which microbial genera changed with higher cotinine exposure?\",\"answer\":\"Higher serum cotinine was associated with decreases in Haemophilus, Neisseria, and Gemella, while Atopobium and Lactobacillus increased.\"}]","Change of oral microbiome diversity by smoking across different age groups | PDF",1790607458]