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Working and living in private homes without supervision increases vulnerability to abuse and human rights violations. Still, financial rewards draw many women abroad, while Indonesian rural girls face barriers to schooling from safety risks, distance, and gendered discrimination. This study analyzes how adult education enrollment enables twelve Indonesian full-time domestic workers in Singapore to challenge labor disposability.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/challenging-disposability-of-women-workers-indonesian-migrant-domestic-workers-story-dewi-setiani/584288/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/challenging-disposability-of-women-workers-indonesian-migrant-domestic-workers-story-dewi-setiani/584288.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Kyle","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-14","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What disadvantage do foreign domestic workers face compared with local or “skilled” workers?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"They are often denied equal rights and formal recognition in host countries, which weakens their labor protections.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why do Indonesian rural women still seek domestic work abroad despite risks?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Domestic work abroad remains financially rewarding, even though abuse and human rights violations are possible.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does adult education relate to the study’s goal?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study examines how enrollment in adult education programs helps domestic workers challenge labor disposability through expanded opportunities beyond earning money.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},584288,1793060946,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},3985741905716,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","student experience, and resiliency. FBIE experienced cultural, racial and immigration challenges in their transitions. Their invaluable contributions include high intercultural communication, first‐hand experience, empathy, multilingualism, and relationship building. FBIE’s impact encompasses community, internationalization, leadership and mentorship, international student success, linguistic and cultural enrichment, and policy change.  \nChallenging Disposability of Women Workers: Indonesian Migrant Domestic Workersʹ Story  \nDewi Setiani1  \nABSTRACT: Foreign domestic workers significantly contribute to the economic development in their home and host countries. However, their status as foreign workers disadvantaged them because, oftentimes, host countries do not give them equal rights as local workers or those that considered as “skilled workers”. Working and living in private houses with no supervision make them vulnerable to abuse and human rights violation. Despite the risks, working as domestic workers abroad still attracts women from poor countries because it is financially rewarding. Women in rural areas of  \nIndonesia often face significant challenges to enroll in school due to lack of safety,  \ndistance between home and school, and the continued discriminative practice where parents believe that education is not important for girls. Because of this, domestic job opportunities abroad are systematically targeting these vulnerable women who are subjected to do the “women’s work”. Women workers are given little rights as workers and easily replaced if the host countries no longer need them. This study seeks to  \nunderstand how domestic workers challenge labor disposability of women workers through adult education programs enrollment. Twelve Indonesians who were working full‐time as domestic workers and studying in adult education programs in Singapore were interviewed from May to July 2018. This study objective is to reflect how working abroad for them provided many opportunities beyond earning money.  \nKeywords: Indonesian domestic workers, educational purpose,  \nwomen education, adult education  \nInternational labor migration is one of the most important influences for the economic development of many countries. The majority of overseas laborers are transnational households where a family member works in a foreign country while all or some dependents reside in their home country. By doing so, they promote the economic  \n1Doctoral Student, Higher, Adult, and Lifelong Education, Michigan State University; [setianid@msu.edu](setianid@msu.edu)  \nPage 118 • AAACE Commission for International Adult Education  \ndevelopment in host and home countries (Wickramasekara, 2008) . The World Bank estimated that overseas laborers globally sent US$328 billion home as remittances in 2008 (Koser, 2010). Particularly for Indonesia, remittance from the overseas workers has become one of the important sources for foreign exchange. In 2016, the overseas workers sent approximately US$ 8.9 billion to Indonesia through remittance (World Bank, 2017). Interestingly, even though migrant workers give significant contribution to the economy, a majority of Indonesian transnational workers are undereducated and unskilled women working as domestic workers.  \nRecent studies on migrant domestic workers put emphasis on women workers’implication toward economic development (International Organization of Migration, 2011; World Bank, 2017; Dumitru, 2014), health issues in the host countries (Lasimbanget al., 2016; Tsai & Lee, 2016), and social and cultural changes both in the host and home countries (Saraswati, 2017; Noor & Shaker, 2017; Collins, 2017; Ladegaard, 2013) . Generally, educational experiences of migrant domestic workers in foreign countries are rarely studied. Meanwhile, the narrative of pursuing education for adult learning is commonly centered on job preparation and integration into the host country (Shan & Guo, 2020). Therefore, this research will cont","cbCaipHmIMrx6jKb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipHmIMrx6jKb","pdf",365246,14,"English","# ABSTRACT\n## Study focus and rationale\n## Research method and participants\n## Background: international labor migration\n## Critical perspective and labor disposability theory","[{\"question\":\"What disadvantage do foreign domestic workers face compared with local or “skilled” workers?\",\"answer\":\"They are often denied equal rights and formal recognition in host countries, which weakens their labor protections.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do Indonesian rural women still seek domestic work abroad despite risks?\",\"answer\":\"Domestic work abroad remains financially rewarding, even though abuse and human rights violations are possible.\"},{\"question\":\"How does adult education relate to the study’s goal?\",\"answer\":\"The study examines how enrollment in adult education programs helps domestic workers challenge labor disposability through expanded opportunities beyond earning money.\"}]","Challenging Disposability of Women Workers: Indonesian Migrant Domestic Workersʹ Story - Dewi Setiani | PDF",1792050411,35]