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Despite these benefits, adequate ECCE provision remains limited, especially in rural settings, where access is often lower and largely shaped by private and urban-centered delivery. This paper examines the challenges in Botswana’s rural ECCE services and outlines directions for addressing them using desktop research.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/challenges-in-the-provision-of-early-childhood-care-and-education-services-in-rural-areas-of-botswana/591094/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/challenges-in-the-provision-of-early-childhood-care-and-education-services-in-rural-areas-of-botswana/591094.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"McQueen","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What benefits do early childhood care and education (ECCE) programmes provide?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The paper notes that good-quality ECCE supports children’s social, emotional, nutritional, and health development. It also improves family security and community outcomes such as reduced child labour and greater participation for women in labour markets.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why is rural ECCE provision often weaker than urban provision?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The document explains that public pre-primary expansion may be limited, leaving childcare to private providers and families. Private providers tend to concentrate in profitable areas, making services less available in sparsely populated and remote rural regions.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the rights-based approach relate to ECCE access?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The rights-based approach emphasizes that every child, including marginalized groups, should have opportunities to access ECCE. The paper links ECCE to education as a human right and describes ECCE intervention as collaborative with children and supported through participatory processes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},591094,1792211032,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},5909890329169,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","African Educational Research Journal Vol. 9(3), pp. 753-761, September 2021  \nDOI: 10. 30918/AERJ.93.21.097 ISSN: 2354-2160  \nFull Length Research Paper  \nChallenges in the provision of early childhood care and education services in rural areas of Botswana  \nChristina Mwaipopo, Tapologo Maundeni*, Grace Seetso and Gloria Jacques  \n1 Department of Social Work, University of Botswana, Botswana.  \n2 Department of Primary Education, University of Botswana, Botswana.  \nAccepted 18 August, 2021  \n\n| ABSTRACT\u003Cbr>Quality Early Childhood Care and Education programs are beneficial to children in numerous ways. Consequently, from time immemorial, various stakeholders not only in Botswana, but the world over, has embarked on various efforts to try to provide such services. However, several challenges in the provision of Early Childhood Care and Education services prevail in various countries. This paper explores such issues in the context of Botswana. It also maps the way forward in relation to addressing the challenges. Desktop research using existing sources such as newspapers, University archives, and published citations was used to gather relevant information for this paper.\u003Cbr>Keywords: Early childhood care and education, children, challenges, Botswana. |\n| --- |\n| *Corresponding [author. E-mail: MAUNDE@ub.ac.bw](author. E-mail: MAUNDE@ub.ac.bw). |\n\nINTRODUCTION  \nResearch findings have shown that good quality ECCE programmes provide a wide range of benefits forchildren, families, and communities. For instance, they facilitate children’s social, emotional, nutritional, and health development ( United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization – UNESCO, 2007) . In addition, families are provided with the security of knowing that their children are in a safe and nurturing environment. Parents, especially women, are released from childminding so that they can engage in incomegenerating activities. For communities, long-lasting benefits such as prevention of child labour, increased intergenerational social mobility , higher female labour  \nmarket participation, and gender equality are realised.  \nDespite the fact that ECCE programs have several benefits, the provision of good quality ECCE services has not been fully achieved in some countries. Such programmes are mostly in urban areas, and usually organised on a private basis and thus benefiting children from higher-income families. For example, in China, 95% of children in urban areas attend preschool while only 50 % in rural areas do so. In Azerbaijan, the kindergarten attendance rate for 5–6-year-old children in cities is 35 and 12% in rural areas. On a similar note, in  \nTogo, access to early childhood services in rural areas is only approximately 8 and 60% in cities (Education International, 2010) . On a similar note, Children in Tajikistan, Iraq and Yemen are four times more likely to attend ECCE programmes if they live in urban areas as opposed to rural areas (Manji et al. , 2015) . The participation rate in ECCE services in urban areas of Kenya is around 75%, while in rural areas it is 25%(Ibid) .  \nThe urban-rural gap in pre-primary enrolment is widened by the fact that many countries have yet to expand the public provision of pre-primary education and therefore the field of childcare services is left to private providers and individual families (Bennett, 2011; UNESCO, 2015) . Private providers gravitate towards marketable and profitable areas and are unlikely to locate in sparsely populated and remote areas (UNESCO, 2015) . This is especially true in developing countries where ECCE is still very limited and unequal. In 2010, 57% of young children in developing countries had no access to pre-primary care and education services and, of these, 83% were in sub-Saharan Africa (The Consultative Group on Early Childhood Care and Development [CGECCD], 2013) .  \nAfr Educ Res J 754  \nIt has been argued that children from disadvantaged groups stand to gain the most from good","cbCaisV9BE3KqqUl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisV9BE3KqqUl","pdf",116533,"English","# Introduction\n## Benefits of ECCE programmes\n## Urban-rural disparities in enrolment\n## Rights-based approach and access barriers","[{\"question\":\"What benefits do early childhood care and education (ECCE) programmes provide?\",\"answer\":\"The paper notes that good-quality ECCE supports children’s social, emotional, nutritional, and health development. It also improves family security and community outcomes such as reduced child labour and greater participation for women in labour markets.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is rural ECCE provision often weaker than urban provision?\",\"answer\":\"The document explains that public pre-primary expansion may be limited, leaving childcare to private providers and families. Private providers tend to concentrate in profitable areas, making services less available in sparsely populated and remote rural regions.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the rights-based approach relate to ECCE access?\",\"answer\":\"The rights-based approach emphasizes that every child, including marginalized groups, should have opportunities to access ECCE. The paper links ECCE to education as a human right and describes ECCE intervention as collaborative with children and supported through participatory processes.\"}]","Challenges in the provision of early childhood care and education services in rural areas of Botswana | PDF",1792071108,23]