[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-406010-105":59,"doc-detail-406010-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","challenges-and-new-technologies-in-adoptive-cell-therapy-review","Challenges and new technologies in adoptive cell therapy - Review","","Adoptive cell therapies (ACTs) have evolved from early tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte infusions to engineered T cell receptor (TCR)-T and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T approaches. CAR-T has significantly advanced ACTs, especially for hematologic malignancies, yet it still faces constraints in both autologous and allogeneic settings, including practical limitations and toxicity. This review surveys the development and challenges of newer CAR-based immune cell therapies such as CAR-NK, CAR-macrophage, CAR-γδT, and CAR-NKT. It also summarizes gene transduction strategies used in immunotherapy and considers immune-circuit feedback concepts to strengthen future cancer immunotherapy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/challenges-and-new-technologies-in-adoptive-cell-therapy-review/406010/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/challenges-and-new-technologies-in-adoptive-cell-therapy-review/406010.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Melati","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":56},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What challenges remain for CAR-T cell therapy despite its success?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"CAR-T therapy still has limitations in both autologous and allogeneic settings, including practicality and toxicity issues.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which newer CAR-based cell therapies are discussed beyond CAR-T?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review covers CAR-NK, CAR-macrophage, CAR-γδT, and CAR-NKT therapies, focusing on their development and potential challenges.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do gene transduction strategies relate to immune cell engineering in ACT?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review provides an overview of the gene transduction methods used in immunotherapy because these approaches are central to immune cell engineering.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},406010,1790790500,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":56,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962085570644,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Zhang et al.  \nJournal of Hematology & Oncology (2023) 16:97 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-023-01492-8](https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-023-01492-8)  \nJournal of Hematology & Oncology  \n REVIEW Open Access  \nChallenges and new technologies in adoptive cell therapy  \nPengchao Zhang1,2, Guizhong Zhang1* and Xiaochun Wan1*  \nAbstract  \nAdoptive cell therapies (ACTs) have existed for decades. From the initial infusion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to the subsequent specific enhanced T cell receptor (TCR)-T and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies, many novel strategies for cancer treatment have been developed. Owing to its promising outcomes, CAR-T cell therapy has revolutionized the field of ACTs, particularly for hematologic malignancies. Despite these advances, CAR-T cell therapy still has limitations in both autologous and allogeneic settings, including practicality and toxicity issues. To overcome these challenges, researchers have focused on the application of CAR engineering technology to other types of immune cell engineering. Consequently, several new cell therapies based on CAR technology have been developed, including CAR-NK, CAR-macrophage, CAR-γδT, and CAR-NKT. In this review, we describe the development, advantages, and possible challenges ofthe aforementioned ACTs and discuss current strategies aimed at maximizing the therapeutic potential of ACTs. We also provide an overview of the various gene transduction strategies employed in immunotherapy given their importance in immune cell engineering. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility  \nthat strategies capable of creating a positive feedback immune circuit, as healthy immune systems do, could address the flaw of a single type of ACT, and thus serve as key players in future cancer immunotherapy.  \nKeywords Adoptive cell therapy, Chimeric antigen receptor, T cell receptor, Cancer therapy, Gene transduction  \nIntroduction  \nCurrently, immunotherapy methods based on immune checkpoint inhibitors, tumor vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy (ACT) have revolutionized cancer treatment. Immunotherapy has advantages over the three conventional therapies (surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) in that it can stimulate the immune system to permanently eradicate residual or disseminated tumor  \n*Correspondence: Guizhong Zhang [gz.zhang@siat.ac.cn](gz.zhang@siat.ac.cn)[ ](gz.zhang@siat.ac.cn)Xiaochun Wan [xc.wan@siat.ac.cn](xc.wan@siat.ac.cn)  \n1 Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China  \n2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China  \ncells and restore immune function that has been weakened by radiotherapy and chemotherapy [1, 2]. Following extensive clinical research, immunotherapy has demonstrated promising application potential in the management of various malignancies, with the potential to enhance therapeutic effect, prolong patient survival, and improve patient quality of life [2, 3].  \nACT has recently received considerable attention due to the remarkable success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy in the treatment of hematological malignancies. In contrast to chemotherapy, ACT isan active biological strategy that employs “live” drugs, whereby patient immune cells are collected, expanded, and engineered in vitro before being reinfused into the patient’s body to kill pathogens and/or cancer cells. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, engineered T cell receptor (TCR)-T cell therapy, and CAR-T cell therapy are the three primary ACTs. Among them, CAR-T therapy has received marketing approval and  \n© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium o","cbCaiqWpijuJnC63","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqWpijuJnC63","pdf",8437972,55,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Immunotherapy background\n## Overview of ACT and CAR-T\n## Emerging CAR-based immune cell therapies\n# Review scope and organization","[{\"question\":\"What challenges remain for CAR-T cell therapy despite its success?\",\"answer\":\"CAR-T therapy still has limitations in both autologous and allogeneic settings, including practicality and toxicity issues.\"},{\"question\":\"Which newer CAR-based cell therapies are discussed beyond CAR-T?\",\"answer\":\"The review covers CAR-NK, CAR-macrophage, CAR-γδT, and CAR-NKT therapies, focusing on their development and potential challenges.\"},{\"question\":\"How do gene transduction strategies relate to immune cell engineering in ACT?\",\"answer\":\"The review provides an overview of the gene transduction methods used in immunotherapy because these approaches are central to immune cell engineering.\"}]","Challenges and new technologies in adoptive cell therapy - Review | PDF",1790563074,139]