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As a mitochondrial metabolic disease, cancer generates volatile organic metabolites present in earwax, enabling differentiation between healthy individuals and cancer through a cerumenogram assay. This case series shows the assay can detect precancerous stages, distinguish oncological metabolism from metaplasias, cysts, and benign tumors, and evaluate cancer remission, supporting prevention and monitoring of tumorigenesis.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/cerumenogram-as-an-assay-for-the-metabolic-diagnosis-of-precancer-cancer-and-cancer-remission/370471/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/cerumenogram-as-an-assay-for-the-metabolic-diagnosis-of-precancer-cancer-and-cancer-remission/370471.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"\tJames","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is cerumenogram and what does it measure?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Cerumenogram is an earwax-based assay that detects volatile organic metabolites associated with mitochondrial metabolic changes. It is used to support metabolic differentiation between healthy and cancer-related conditions.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the study address early diagnosis beyond established cancer?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It demonstrates that cerumenogram can detect precancerous stages, including hypermetabolic inflammation and dysplasia. This supports interventions aimed at preventing cancer progression.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why can cerumenogram help avoid unnecessary oncological procedures?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The assay distinguishes oncological metabolism from that seen in metaplasias, cysts, and benign tumors. This reduces the likelihood of unnecessary procedures when malignancy is only suspected.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},370471,1790332362,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":41},2336474466412,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","[www. nature.com/scientificreports](www. nature.com/scientificreports)  \nOPEN  \nCerumenogram as an assay for the metabolic diagnosis of precancer, cancer, and cancer remission  \nJoão Marcos Gonçalves Barbosa1, Camilla Gabriela de Oliveira1,  \nMarina Ferraz Gontijo Soares1, Larissa Fernanda Medeiros Vieira2, Omar Carneiro Filho2, Daniela Medeiros Milhomem Cardoso3, Patricia Medeiros Milhomem Beato4,  \nCristina AparecidaTrigo Martins Moro4, Anselmo Elcana de Oliveira5 &  \nNelson Roberto Antoniosi Filho1􀀍  \nEarly diagnosis is crucial for successful cancer treatment. As a mitochondrial metabolic disease, cancer produces volatile organic metabolites that are present in earwax, allowing differentiation between healthy individuals and those with cancer through an assay called cerumenogram. In this case series study, we demonstrated that this assay also enables the diagnosis of precancerous stages, such as hypermetabolic inflammation and dysplasia, which can aid in treatments to prevent cancer progression. Additionally, this assay reveals that oncological metabolism differs from that observed in metaplasias, cysts, and benign tumors, helping to avoid unnecessary oncological procedures due to suspected malignancy. Cerumenogram can also be used to assess cancer remission. Thus, the cerumenogram emerges as an assay that might enable the diagnosis of cancer, monitor remission, and identify precancerous stages, covering key steps of tumorigenesis.  \nKeywords Volatile organic compounds, Carcinogenesis, Early diagnosis, Biomarkers, Earwax, Cerumenogram  \nGalen’s (129–199 AD) statement that tumors could be cured through cauterization in their early manifestation stages was probably the first to underline the importance of early cancer diagnosis for better treatment outcomes1. Current cancer data support this observation, first made in ancient Greece, showing that early tumor diagnosis can substantially increase a patient’s five-year survival rate by more than 90% for almost all cancer types2, leading to a greater chance of complete cancer remission by treatment. However, approximately 90% of all cancers are detected symptomatically when half of the cases are at an advanced stage3, representing approximately 70% of deaths due to late diagnosis in low-and middle-income countries4,5.  \nEarly cancer detection relies on a fundamental understanding of one of the hallmarks of cancer, the dysregulation of cellular metabolism6, which drives abnormal growth and differentiation in cells7. The energetic rewiring of differentiated cells is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction8, which may pave the way for transforming cells from a healthy to a malignant state by inducing metabolic disorders and epigenetic alterations that drive them to evade apoptosis. Early detection involves monitoring the metabolic changes induced by mitochondriaassociated tumor precursors that trigger the transition from regular cellular activity until the beginning of cancer cell formation3.  \nOmics research has shed light on the mechanisms that drive cell transformation from a regular to aprecancerous state7. Recent studies have demonstrated that specific genes are crucial for transforming precancerous lesions into cancerous lesions; for example, TP53 biallelic loss promotes early carcinogenesis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, inducing normal tissue transformation into early precancerous lesions9. An equal effect was observed for oral precancerous lesions in which TP53 mutations were shared between dysplasia and carcinoma10.  \n1Laboratório de Métodos de Extração e Separação (LAMES), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Campus II – Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil. 2Insituto de Medicina Nuclear (IMEN), Alameda dos Buritis, 600, St. Central, Goiânia, GO 74015-080, Brazil. 3Instituto do Aparelho Digestivo (IAD), R. 34, 157, St. Marista, Goiânia, GO 74150-220, Brazil. 4Hospital Amaral Carvalho (HAC), R. Dona Silvéria, 150, Chácara Braz Miraglia, J","cbCaibToKN5o3muN","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibToKN5o3muN","pdf",3216259,12,"English","# Background and rationale\n## Cerumenogram concept and diagnostic potential\n# Cancer metabolism and early detection\n## Dysregulated cellular metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction\n## Genome instability and ROS\n# Earwax-based metabolic profiling (HS/GC-MS)\n## Prior applications and translation to humans\n# Metabolic signatures for precancer and remission","[{\"question\":\"What is cerumenogram and what does it measure?\",\"answer\":\"Cerumenogram is an earwax-based assay that detects volatile organic metabolites associated with mitochondrial metabolic changes. It is used to support metabolic differentiation between healthy and cancer-related conditions.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study address early diagnosis beyond established cancer?\",\"answer\":\"It demonstrates that cerumenogram can detect precancerous stages, including hypermetabolic inflammation and dysplasia. This supports interventions aimed at preventing cancer progression.\"},{\"question\":\"Why can cerumenogram help avoid unnecessary oncological procedures?\",\"answer\":\"The assay distinguishes oncological metabolism from that seen in metaplasias, cysts, and benign tumors. This reduces the likelihood of unnecessary procedures when malignancy is only suspected.\"}]","Cerumenogram as an assay for the metabolic diagnosis of precancer, cancer, and cancer remission | PDF",1790188708]