[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-435925-105":59,"doc-detail-435925-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","cerebellar-syndromes-clinical-observations-leading-to-the-recognition-of-the-three-types","Cerebellar syndromes: clinical observations leading to the recognition of the three types","","Cerebellar syndrome is categorized into cerebellar motor syndrome (CMS), vestibulocerebellar syndrome (VCS), and cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS) or Schmahmann syndrome (SS). CMS includes dysmetria, kinetic tremor, asynergia, adiadochokinesis and dyschronometria, while VCS features dysmetria of saccades and jerky pursuit plus downbeat and gaze-evoked nystagmus. CCAS/SS presents broader cognitive and affective impairments and may lead to cerebellar mutism after vermis surgery, grounded in a shared internal forward-model dysfunction within the cerebellum.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/cerebellar-syndromes-clinical-observations-leading-to-the-recognition-of-the-three-types/435925/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/cerebellar-syndromes-clinical-observations-leading-to-the-recognition-of-the-three-types/435925.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Finn","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are the three primary types of cerebellar syndromes?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"They are cerebellar motor syndrome (CMS), vestibulocerebellar syndrome (VCS), and cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS) or Schmahmann syndrome (SS).","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What clinical features characterize CMS and VCS?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"CMS includes dysmetria, kinetic tremor, asynergia, adiadochokinesis and dyschronometria. VCS is characterized by dysmetria of saccades and jerky pursuit, as well as downbeat nystagmus and gaze-evoked nystagmus.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do recent studies explain why different cerebellar syndromes can be related?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Physiological work links them through a common dysfunction in the cerebellum’s internal forward model, which underlies prediction of motor and cognitive actions and highlights dysmetria as a core shared element.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},435925,1790768090,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},34359740700684,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1f400023980c374ae676?_k=1777273430885731487","Article published online: 2025-09-19  \nReview Article 1  \nCerebellar syndromes: clinical observations leading to the recognition of the three types  \nMario Manto 1,2 Hiroshi Mitoma3  \n1 Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Charleroi, Unité des Ataxies Cérébelleuses, Charleroi, Belgium.  \n2 Université de Mons, Service des Neurosciences, Mons, Belgium.  \n3 Tokyo Medical University, Department of Medical Education, Tokyo, Japan.  \nArq. Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2025;83(9):s00451811727 .  \nAddress for correspondence Hiroshi Mitoma ([email: mitoma@tokyo-med.ac.jp](email: mitoma@tokyo-med.ac.jp))  \nAbstract  \nKeywords  \n► Cerebellum  \n► Cerebellar Ataxia  \n► Vestibular System  \n► Cognitive Dysfunction  \n► Mood dMsorders  \n► Internal Models  \nCerebellar syndrome is traditionally categorized into three primary types: cerebellar motor syndrome (CMS), vestibulocerebellar syndrome (VCS), and cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS) or Schmahmann syndrome (SS). The first type is subdivided into five elemental features: dysmetria, kinetic tremor, asynergia, adiadochokinesisand dyschronometria. The second is characterized by dysmetria of saccades and jerky pursuit, as well as downbeat nystagmus and gaze-evoked nystagmus. And the third type is associated with a broader spectrum of cognitive and affective symptoms, including impairments in executive function, spatial cognition, language processing and emotional regulation. In its extreme form, cerebellar mutism can also develop during childhood following cerebellar vermis surgery. Recent physiological studies have shed light on the underlying neural mechanisms of these syndromes by identifying a common link of dysfunction within the cerebellum ’s internal forward model. This is essential to the prediction of the outcomes of motor and cognitive actions and underlines dysmetria as the core common element. Despite the diversity in clinical presentation, cerebellar syndromes can be understood as disruptions of a unified neural mechanism, providing a new framework for better understanding of cerebellardeficits.  \nHISTORIC MILESTONES  \nIn his landmark 1969 article published in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Garcin defined ataxia as “a disturbance of coordination which, quite independently of any motor weakness, alters the direction and extent of voluntary movement and impairs the sustained voluntary or reflex muscle contrac  \ntions necessary for maintaining posture and equilibrium”.1  \nIn fact, the term “ataxia” has been used since the mid-nineteenth century and was initially coined mainly to  \nreceived April 13, 2025 accepted July 15, 2025  \nDOI [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)10.1055/s-0045-1811727 . ISSN 0004-282X.  \nEditor-in-Chief: Hélio A. G. Teive.  \nAssociate Editor: Laura Silveira Moriyama.  \ndescribe syphilis infection. Indeed, in the nineteenth century, tabetic ataxia, resulting from syphilis-related dorsal column degeneration, received greater attention than cerebellar degeneration itself. Based on the observations of patients with that condition, Duchenne introduced the concept of locomotor ataxia and suggested a disruption in coordination between antagonistic muscles.2  \nFurthermore, the description of olivopontocerebellaratrophy (OPCA) by Dejerine and André-Thomas in 1900 added momentum to clinical research into cerebellar  \n© 2025 . The Author(s) .  \nThis is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))  \nThieme Revinter Publicações Ltda. , Rua Rego Freitas, 175, loja 1, República, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01220-010, Brazil  \n2 Foundations of the 3 types of cerebellar syndromes Manto and Mitoma  \nsyndromes.1 In a series of studies between 1899 and 1913, Babinski provided meticulous description of the symptomat","cbCaitLvIr35uoTX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitLvIr35uoTX","pdf",3388992,"English","# Historic milestones\n## Advances in neuroanatomy and physiology\n## Three clinical types of cerebellar syndromes","[{\"question\":\"What are the three primary types of cerebellar syndromes?\",\"answer\":\"They are cerebellar motor syndrome (CMS), vestibulocerebellar syndrome (VCS), and cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS) or Schmahmann syndrome (SS).\"},{\"question\":\"What clinical features characterize CMS and VCS?\",\"answer\":\"CMS includes dysmetria, kinetic tremor, asynergia, adiadochokinesis and dyschronometria. VCS is characterized by dysmetria of saccades and jerky pursuit, as well as downbeat nystagmus and gaze-evoked nystagmus.\"},{\"question\":\"How do recent studies explain why different cerebellar syndromes can be related?\",\"answer\":\"Physiological work links them through a common dysfunction in the cerebellum’s internal forward model, which underlies prediction of motor and cognitive actions and highlights dysmetria as a core shared element.\"}]","Cerebellar syndromes: clinical observations leading to the recognition of the three types | PDF",1790675976]