[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-109116-en":3,"doc-seo-109116-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},109116,1099513958762,"Logic","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1784791008015729253",8,"Research & Report","Central America Human Capital Review - Promoting more and better investments in human capital","Central America Human Capital Review examines how human capital is accumulated and utilized across Central America, tracking its evolution, life-cycle outcomes, and the public social spending and social protection programs that shape results. It analyzes gaps in preprimary and secondary education, elevated high school dropout rates, and a broader learning crisis, including impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and government mitigation strategies. The review then evaluates labor market transitions, NEET challenges, employability constraints, and shocks affecting employment outcomes, culminating in policy directions to strengthen education adaptability, social spending effectiveness, and delivery of more equal services.","Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized  \nCentral America Human Capital Review  \nPromoting more and better investments in human capital  \nii Central ameriCa Human Capital review | promoting more and better investments in Human Capital  \nacknowledgments  \nCentral ameriCa Human Capital review | promoting more and better investments in Human Capital  \nACKNOWLEDGMENTS  \nThis report was prepared by a World Bank team led by Monica Yanez-Pagans and Aylin Isik-Dikmelik that included Emmanuel Vazquez, Ana Sofia Martinez, Juan Bedoya, Polly Jones, Juliana Chen Peraza, Gonzalo Zunino, Wendy de Leon, and Paola Polanco. The report benefited from substantial contributions from Igor Kheyfets and Andres Ham, and from comments and feedback from peer reviewers Jamele Rigolini, Margaret Grosh, and Dhushyanth Raju. The team also benefited from consultations with the human development teams in Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and the Dominican Republic, including Gianluca Cafagna, Miriam Montenegro, Julieta Trias, Federica Secci, Gaston Blanco, and Suhas Parandekar.  \nThe team would like to thank former representatives of the Ministries of Education from Guatemala, Dominican Republic, and Panama for providing access to the administrative data used to conduct the analysis on school dropouts included in Chapter 2. In addition, a team from the Instituto Centroamericano de Estudios Fiscales (ICEFI) led the compilation of the social spending database for Guatemala and Costa Rica used in this report to document public investments in the provision of social services. This report also greatly benefited from the validation of findings and comments received from Luisa Muller and Ancell Shecker for Guatemala and the Dominican Republic, respectively. Also, special thanks to Aya Alphs for editing the report, to Magdalena Lizardo and Lisselotte Galvez for compiling some of the labor market inputs from the Dominican Republic to Angelica Herrera for the excellent administrative support, to Fernando Paredes for supporting the dialogue with ICEFI, and to Alejandro Espinosa for designing the cover page and providing the graphic design for the report.  \nThis report was prepared under the guidance of Michel Kerf (Country Director for Central America), Luis Benveniste (Regional Director for Human Development, LatinAmerica and the Caribbean Region), Emanuela Di Gropello (Practice Manager, Education Global Practice, Latin America and the Caribbean Region), Pablo Gottret (Practice Manager, Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice, Latin America and Caribbean Region), Rita Almeida (Practice Manager, Education Global Practice, Europe and Central Asia Region), and Marina Bassi (Human Development Program Leader for Central America) .  \nContents  \nCentral ameriCa Human Capital review | promoting more and better investments in Human Capital  \nCONTENTS  \nacknowledgments iii  \nlist of acronyms x  \nexecutive summary 1  \nintroduction 10  \nCHAPTER 1  \nHuman Capital accumulation and utilization in umi  \nCountries in Central america 12  \nEvolution and current state of human capital in Central America 13  \nOutcomes by life cycle stages 20  \nPublic social spending on human capital and social protection programs 26  \nImpact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human capital 29  \nCHAPTER 2  \nimproving Human Capital accumulation through better education outcomes 32  \nLow and unequal access in preprimary and secondary education 33  \nHigh school dropout rates among teenagers 35  \nA learning crisis 39  \nConstraints to better education outcomes 44  \nImpacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on education outcomes and governments’mitigation strategies 46  \nCHAPTER 3  \ndeploying and enhancing Human Capital for better  \nemployment outcomes  \n55  \nNEETs and the trends and challenges in the school to work transition 56  \nConstraints to employability and utilization of human capital for better jobs 62  \nImpacts of the COVID-19 pandemi","cbCaicyK3Zxuitzf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicyK3Zxuitzf","pdf",11370462,5,1,106,"English","en",105,"# Acknowledgments\n# List of Acronyms\n# Executive Summary\n# Introduction\n# Chapter 1 - Human Capital accumulation and utilization in umi Countries in Central America\n## Evolution and current state of human capital in Central America\n## Outcomes by life cycle stages\n## Public social spending on human capital and social protection programs\n## Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human capital\n# Chapter 2 - improving Human Capital accumulation through better education outcomes\n## Low and unequal access in preprimary and secondary education\n## High school dropout rates among teenagers\n## A learning crisis\n## Constraints to better education outcomes\n## Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on education outcomes and governments’ mitigation strategies\n# Chapter 3 - deploying and enhancing Human Capital for better employment outcomes\n## NEETs and the trends and challenges in the school to work transition\n## Constraints to employability and utilization of human capital for better jobs\n## Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on labor market outcomes\n# Chapter 4 - policies to promote more and better investments in Human Capital\n## Improving the adaptiveness of education systems and labor markets to protect human capital and increase resilience and preparedness to more frequent shocks\n## Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of social public spending to accelerate/promote human capital accumulation\n## Strengthening institutions for the delivery of better and more equal social services to foster human capital accumulation for all\n## Annex - additional information on Chapter 3\n# Boxes\n# Figures","[{\"question\":\"What does the report cover regarding human 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