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Over the past 15 years, ILC biology has been recognized as important for understanding and improving cancer immunotherapies, especially in solid tumours where immunosuppressive mechanisms restrain T cell responses. Evidence suggests each ILC subset can play pro- or anti-tumourigenic roles depending on local cues. This review summarizes prevailing data on ILC contributions to tumour immunity and highlights remaining challenges in mechanistic dissection.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/cellular-cosmetics-how-innate-lymphoid-cells-can-recontour-the-tumour-microenvironment-review/370880/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/cellular-cosmetics-how-innate-lymphoid-cells-can-recontour-the-tumour-microenvironment-review/370880.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jasmine","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why are innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) considered important in cancer immunotherapy?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"ILCs influence how the tumour microenvironment is composed and can shape immunosuppressive mechanisms that limit T cell responses. Better pathway understanding may enable rationalized immunotherapy combinations.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What roles can different ILC subsets play in tumours?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Current evidence indicates that, for each ILC subset, both pro-tumour and anti-tumour roles are possible. The direction likely depends on local tissue cues and context.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How are ILC subsets distributed across the body?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"ILC subsets are unevenly distributed; for example, ILC3s predominate in the small intestine and ILC2s are more abundant in the lungs. Many ILCs are predominantly tissue-resident and remain in tissues even during systemic immune perturbations.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},370880,1790906539,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":105,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},2336478487870,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","European Journal of Immunology  \nREVIEW   \nHighlights-Reviews  \nCellular Cosmetics: How Innate Lymphoid Cells Can Recontour the Tumour Microenvironment  \nNabina Pun  David R. Withers   \nCentre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Correspondence: David R. Withers ([david.withers@immonc.ox.ac.uk](david.withers@immonc.ox.ac.uk))  \nReceived: 25 June 2025  Revised: 8 August 2025  Accepted: 11 August 2025  \nFunding: Research in the Withers Lab was funded by a Cancer Research UK Discovery Research Programme (DRCNPG-Nov23/100008) and Wellcome Discovery Award (227890/Z/23/Z) awarded to D.R.W.  \nKeywords: cancer | cytokines | innate lymphoid cells | tumour microenvironment  \nABSTRACT  \nThe innate lymphoid cell (ILC) family includes natural killer (NK) cells, recognised for over 50 years, as well as several more recently identified populations. Over the past 15 years, ILCs have emerged as key orchestrators of tissue homeostasis and inflammation. To build upon the early promise of cancer immunotherapies, it is essential to better understand the pathways regulating the composition of, and immunosuppressive mechanisms that dominate many solid cancers and effectively curtail or block T cell responses. Given their residence within most tissues, how these cellular sentinels influence tumour development and progression remains an active area of both discovery and more translationally focused research. By defining precisely how different immunosuppressive pathways form, rationalisedimmunotherapy combinations can be devised to specifically target these. Current evidence indicates that for each ILC subset, both pro-and anti-tumourigenic roles are possible, likely reflecting local cues within different tissues and contexts. Here, we seek to concisely review some of the prevailing data describing ILC contributions to tumour immunity and highlight some of the challenges that still exist in fully dissecting these mechanisms.  \n1  Introduction  \nInnate lymphoid cells (ILCs) constitute a functionally diverse collection of immune cells that develop from the common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) but lack the combinatorially rearranged receptors characteristic of B and T cells [1–3] . ILCs play a crucial role in orchestrating tissue homeostasis by responding to a diverse range of signals, including cytokines, leukotrienes, neurotrophic factors and microbial and dietary metabolites [4] . ILCs have been detected in many tissues but are particularly abundant at mucosal and epithelial barriers, where homeostasis is constantly challenged [2, 5] . Current nomenclature describes five subsets: natural killer (NK) cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells (Box 1) [4] . Most ILCs were first identified as early ‘innate’ sources of the effector cytokines characteristic  \nof the different CD4+ T cell subsets [6–10] . Thus, in addition to maintaining tissue homeostasis, ILCs act as frontline responders during infection and inflammation, rapidly generating cytokines to expedite the immune response and likely compensating for the actions of effector T cells as these are expanded [1, 4, 5, 11] .  \nCancers commandeer tissues, disrupting normal processes to propagate their growth. A defining feature of the tumour microenvironment (TME) of solid cancers is the disruption of anti-tumour T cell responses. Immunosuppressive mechanisms within the TME remain a major impediment to the efficacy of the breakthrough therapies of immune checkpoint blockade and CAR T cells [12, 13] . Understanding how the composition of the TME is established and sustained remains crucial to determining how best to shift its cellular makeup and promote anti-tumour  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \n© 2025 The Author(s) . European Journal of Immunology published by Wi","cbCaibIFMBqBpJvj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibIFMBqBpJvj","pdf",717631,"English","# 1 Introduction\n# 2 Tissue-Specific ILC Compartments","[{\"question\":\"Why are innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) considered important in cancer immunotherapy?\",\"answer\":\"ILCs influence how the tumour microenvironment is composed and can shape immunosuppressive mechanisms that limit T cell responses. Better pathway understanding may enable rationalized immunotherapy combinations.\"},{\"question\":\"What roles can different ILC subsets play in tumours?\",\"answer\":\"Current evidence indicates that, for each ILC subset, both pro-tumour and anti-tumour roles are possible. The direction likely depends on local tissue cues and context.\"},{\"question\":\"How are ILC subsets distributed across the body?\",\"answer\":\"ILC subsets are unevenly distributed; for example, ILC3s predominate in the small intestine and ILC2s are more abundant in the lungs. Many ILCs are predominantly tissue-resident and remain in tissues even during systemic immune perturbations.\"}]","Cellular Cosmetics - How Innate Lymphoid Cells Can Recontour the Tumour Microenvironment - Review | PDF",1790190745,28]