[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-352698-105":59,"doc-detail-352698-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","cell-surface-thiol-disulfide-regulation-in-cancer-mechanisms-implications-and-theranostic-strategies","Cell surface thiol-disulfide regulation in cancer - Mechanisms, implications, and theranostic strategies","","Redox homeostasis is frequently disrupted in cancer, driving tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. This review explains how TXN1, TXNRD1, and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family members control thiol-disulfide balance at the cancer cell surface, and how these alterations can be leveraged for theranostic applications. Elevated ROS in cancers is counteracted by antioxidant upregulation that remodels extracellular redox states to promote invasion, metastasis, and treatment resilience.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/cell-surface-thiol-disulfide-regulation-in-cancer-mechanisms-implications-and-theranostic-strategies/352698/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/cell-surface-thiol-disulfide-regulation-in-cancer-mechanisms-implications-and-theranostic-strategies/352698.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Maya Linwood","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",17,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How does redox homeostasis disruption contribute to cancer progression?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Cancer often disrupts redox balance, which contributes to tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapy by altering cellular and subcellular redox states.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which proteins regulate thiol-disulfide balance on the cancer cell surface?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The review focuses on TXN1, TXNRD1, and members of the PDI (protein disulfide isomerase) family as key regulators of thiol-disulfide balance at the cell surface.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What is the theranostic significance of altered extracellular thiol-disulfide states?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Altered exofacial thiol-disulfide states form reproducible biochemical features across malignancies and can be used as biomarkers and to support selective delivery of redox-targeted therapeutics.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},352698,1790171279,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},962084928432,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Redox Biology 92 (2026) 104142  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nRedox Biology  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/redox)[ www.elsevier.com/locate/redox](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/redox)  \nCell surface thiol-disulfide regulation in cancer: Mechanisms, implications, and theranostic strategies  \nJost Lühlea,b, Peter H. Seeberger a,b, Oren Moscovitz a,c,*   \na Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany b Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universit¨at Berlin, Berlin, Germany  \nc Scojen Institute for Synthetic Biology, Dina Recanati School of Medicine, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel  \n\n| A B S T R A C T |\n| --- |\n| Redox homeostasis is frequently disrupted in cancer and contributes to tumor progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance. This review focuses on howthioredoxin-1 (TXN1), thioredoxin reductase-1 (TXNRD1), and members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family regulate thiol-disulfide balance at the cancer cell surface and how these alterations can be exploited for theranostic applications. Cancer cells typically exhibit elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels that are counterbalanced by upregulation of antioxidant systems, including TXN1/TXNRD1 and PDIs, which also act at the cell surface. This activity remodels surface redox states, generating reduced microenvironments that promote invasion, metastasis, and resistance to therapy.\u003Cbr>We summarize evidence from multiple malignancies, including breast, colon, lung, prostate cancer, and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, showing that altered exofacial thiol-disulfide states driven by TXN1 and PDI overexpression represent reproducible biochemical features of cancer progression. Building on this redox phenotype, we discuss thiol-mediated targeting strategies that enable selective delivery of small molecules, peptides, antibodies, liposomes, and nanoparticles to cancer cells. Emphasis is placed on emerging redox-responsive approaches such as cyclic oligochalcogenides, cell-penetrating polydisulfides, and redox-sensitive antibodies.\u003Cbr>Overall, this review highlights extracellular redox regulation as a tumor-associated feature that can serve both as a biomarker and as a basis for next-generation cancer theranostics, offering complementary opportunities beyond antigen-specific strategies. |\n\n1. Introduction  \n1.1. Redox homeostasis in cancer  \nCellular redox potential plays a vital role in both healthy and malignant tissues. Governed by tightly regulated electron flux, it influences various biological processes, including cell-cell communication and signaling [1,2]. The net redox potential of a cell, which can be determined experimentally, is an integration of the redox states of individual proteins and organelles and the abundance of pro- and antioxidant species [3,4]. These individual redox states, whether intra-or extracellular, can vary significantly in a highly localized and specific manner [1, 5,6]. In cancer, malignant transformation often disrupts cellular redox homeostasis, leading to dramatic changes in net cellular redox potential and subcellular redox states (Fig. 1A–B) [5,6]. These alterations can simultaneously promote and result from tumorigenesis and provide valuable insights into cancer stage and progression [5,7].  \nElevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a hallmark of cancer, leading to oxidative stress [7]. Superoxide radicals (O2•- ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are the most abundant intracellular ROS and  \nare byproducts of the hypermetabolism of cancer cells [7]. ROS play a dual role in cancer biology: they are pro-tumorigenic and increase proliferation and survival but can also induce apoptosis and increase cell vulnerability when their levels become uncontrollable [5,7]. Consequently, cancer cells must tightly regulate their redox environment to survive. Many cancers overexpress antioxidant systems to miti","cbCaijimblRhYSi4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijimblRhYSi4","pdf",3206604,14,"English","# Introduction\n## Redox homeostasis in cancer\n# Redox homeostasis and extracellular redox regulation\n## Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress","[{\"question\":\"How does redox homeostasis disruption contribute to cancer progression?\",\"answer\":\"Cancer often disrupts redox balance, which contributes to tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapy by altering cellular and subcellular redox states.\"},{\"question\":\"Which proteins regulate thiol-disulfide balance on the cancer cell surface?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on TXN1, TXNRD1, and members of the PDI (protein disulfide isomerase) family as key regulators of thiol-disulfide balance at the cell surface.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the theranostic significance of altered extracellular thiol-disulfide states?\",\"answer\":\"Altered exofacial thiol-disulfide states form reproducible biochemical features across malignancies and can be used as biomarkers and to support selective delivery of redox-targeted therapeutics.\"}]","Cell surface thiol-disulfide regulation in cancer - Mechanisms, implications, and theranostic strategies | PDF",1790100950,35]