[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-208095-en":3,"doc-seo-208095-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},208095,2336475104042,"Tawan","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c4c32af1715be0?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786537525561427321",4,"Exam","Cell Structure - Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes - GCSE AQA Biology Topic 1","Study the structure and key differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, including how DNA location, nucleus presence, and cell wall features define each type. Explore shared organelles (nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes) and plant-specific structures such as chloroplasts, vacuoles, and cellulose cell walls. Cover cell size ranges, unit conversion and standard form, plus cell specialisation (tissues, organs, organ systems) and examples of specialised cells. Explain cell differentiation from stem cells and the role of microscopy techniques, including light versus electron microscopy and their magnification capabilities.","Cell Structure  \nEukaryotes and Prokaryotes  \nEukaryotes have the following characteristics:  \n• DNA is enclosed in a nucleus.  \n• Also contain cytoplasm wrapped in a cell membrane.  \n• Examples include animal cells and plant cells.  \nWhereas prokaryotes:  \n• Do not have a nucleus—DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm.  \n• Sometimes have extra pieces of small circular DNA called plasmids.  \n• Cytoplasm is wrapped in a cell membrane (like eukaryotes), but they also have an outer cell wall made of peptidoglycan.  \n• Smaller than eukaryotic cells.  \nAnimal and Plant Cells  \nCells contain structures called organelles which each perform a different role in the cell. The organelles which can be found in both animal cells and plant cells are:  \n• Nucleus – this stores genetic material and controls the activities of the cell.  \n• Cytoplasm – where metabolic reactions take place.  \n• Cell membrane – holds the cell together and controls what enters and exits the cell.  \n• Mitochondria – the site for aerobic respiration – energy is produced here.  \n• Ribosomes – responsible for synthesising proteins.  \nPlant cells have some extra features which are absent in animal cells:  \n• Chloroplasts – where photosynthesis takes place.  \n• Vacuole – filled with cell sap, helps to keep the cell turgid.  \n• Cell wall made of cellulose – this provides structure and support to the plant.  \nGCSE AQA Biology Topic 1: Cell Biology  \nSize of Cells  \n• Animal and plant cells range in size from 0.1 mm to 0.01 mm.  \n• Bacterial cells are even smaller and have an average size of approximately 0.001 mm.  \n• When referring to cell size, it is most appropriate to use the unit micrometres.  \n• To convert between millimetres and micrometres, you need to multiply by 1000. So the size of a 0.001 mm bacterial cell is 1 um.  \nWhenever we’re dealing with numbers with a lot of decimal places, we use standard form. Let’s say we have a colony of bacteria which contains 600,000 individual bacterial cells. We can right this number as 6 x 105 . Likewise, if a colony contained 8,500,000 cells this can also be written as 8.5 x 106 . The number in subscript indicates the number of decimal places there are.  \nCell Specialisation  \nThe cell is the ‘basic building block of life’ and is the smallest functioning part of an organism. A group of cells working together is called a tissue and a collection of tissues all performing a specific function is called an organ. Multiple organs which are connected are referred to as an organ system. Examples of organs include the heart, the lungs, the liver, kidneys, the intestines, and the stomach. Examples of organ systems include the respiratory system, circulatory system, reproductive system, and digestive system.  \nGCSE AQA Biology Topic 1: Cell Biology  \nCells exist as a variety of different shapes with various features and will carry out different functions in the body. For example:  \n• Sperm cells are long and thin to make them streamlined for swimming to the egg cell. They have a flagellum which also facilitates swimming and lots of mitochondria to provide the energy for movement.  \n• Nerve cells contain branched endings called dendrites which lets them form connections to other cells. The nerve cell is surrounded by a fatty sheath, which insulates the nerve cell and speeds up the nerve impulse.  \n• Muscle cells possess a high number of mitochondria to provide the energy for muscle contraction.  \n• Root hair cells are long and thin, providing a large surface area for the movement of water and mineral ions into the root.  \n• Xylem vessels transport water through a plant. They have no cell walls at the top and bottom of the cell, allowing the xylem vessels to form one continuous tube when stacked on top of each other. They contain a substance called lignin in the cell walls which gives strength to the xylem vessel.  \n• Phloem vessels transport sugars through a plant. They have sieve plates at the end of each cell which contain pores, allowing ","cbCaiq0VVmJBOl5F","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiq0VVmJBOl5F","pdf",1652371,1,6,"English","en",105,"# Cell Structure\n## Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes\n## Animal and Plant Cells\n## Size of Cells\n## Cell Specialisation\n## Cell Differentiation\n## Microscopy\n## Light Microscopy\n## Electron Microscopy","[{\"question\":\"What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?\",\"answer\":\"Eukaryotes enclose DNA in a nucleus, while prokaryotes have DNA freely floating in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes may also have plasmids and an outer cell wall made of peptidoglycan.\"},{\"question\":\"Which structures are common to both animal and plant cells, and what extra structures do plant cells have?\",\"answer\":\"Both types have a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes. Plant cells additionally contain chloroplasts, vacuoles with cell sap, and a cellulose cell wall for structure and support.\"},{\"question\":\"How does microscopy differ between light microscopy and electron microscopy?\",\"answer\":\"Light microscopy uses light with magnification up to about 1,500x and lower resolution, so smaller organelles like ribosomes cannot be seen. Electron microscopy uses electrons, provides much higher magnification (about 500,000–1,000,000x) and higher resolution, allowing organelle structure to be visualised in finer detail.\"}]","Cell Structure - Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes - GCSE AQA Biology Topic 1 | PDF",1788602424,15,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":28},"cell-structure-eukaryotes-and-prokaryotes-gcse-aqa-biology-topic-1","",{"@graph":36,"@context":84},[37,53,67],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/cell-structure-eukaryotes-and-prokaryotes-gcse-aqa-biology-topic-1/208095/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-05",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"Eukaryotes enclose DNA in a nucleus, while prokaryotes have DNA freely floating in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes may also have plasmids and an outer cell wall made of peptidoglycan.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"Which structures are common to both animal and plant cells, and what extra structures do plant cells have?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"Both types have a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes. Plant cells additionally contain chloroplasts, vacuoles with cell sap, and a cellulose cell wall for structure and support.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"How does microscopy differ between light microscopy and electron microscopy?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"Light microscopy uses light with magnification up to about 1,500x and lower resolution, so smaller organelles like ribosomes cannot be seen. Electron microscopy uses electrons, provides much higher magnification (about 500,000–1,000,000x) and higher resolution, allowing organelle structure to be visualised in finer detail.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,100,103,108,112,117,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},70,"exam",{"id":104,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":113,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":114,"show_sort_weight":115,"slug":116},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":119,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]