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A retrospective cohort analysis included 147 hospitalized patients (98 with INS and 49 controls) and assessed age, sex, glucocorticoid exposure, INS duration, IgA/IgG levels, tTG and EMA antibodies, and urine findings, supported by clinical questionnaires. CD was diagnosed in 8% of INS patients, and gluten-free adherence reduced relapse frequency.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/celiac-disease-in-children-with-idiopathic-nephrotic-syndrome-a-retrospective-cohort-study/461504/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/celiac-disease-in-children-with-idiopathic-nephrotic-syndrome-a-retrospective-cohort-study/461504.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"SANS","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-08","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the primary aim of this retrospective cohort study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To assess the incidence of celiac disease in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and to evaluate the influence of a gluten-free diet on the INS course.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How many patients were included, and how were they grouped?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"A total of 147 hospitalized patients were analyzed; 98 had INS and 49 formed the control group.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What relationship did the study find between celiac disease and idiopathic nephrotic syndrome relapses?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"CD was diagnosed in 8% of INS patients, and in patients with INS and CD who followed a gluten-free diet, most had no or less frequent relapses.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},461504,1790793224,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962090760505,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Article  \nCeliac Disease in Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome—A Retrospective Cohort Study  \nAnna Ozimek 1, Wojciech Wasiak 2, Piotr Albrecht 3 and Małgorzata Mizerska-Wasiak 1, *  \nAcademic Editor: Hiroshi Tanaka  \nReceived: 25 November 2025  \nRevised: 26 December 2025  \nAccepted: 28 December 2025  \nPublished: 1 January 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; [anna1ozimek@gmail.com](anna1ozimek@gmail.com)  \n2 Pediatrics Department, Warsaw Medical Care Center “KOPERNIK” Ltd., 00-328 Warsaw, Poland; [wojtek.wasiak@gmail.com](wojtek.wasiak@gmail.com)  \n3 Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland  \n* [Correspondence: malgorzata.mizerska-wasiak@wum.edu.pl](Correspondence: malgorzata.mizerska-wasiak@wum.edu.pl)  \nAbstract  \nObjective: Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is a rare, relapsing kidney disease. Trigger for relapses, among others, may be exposure to gluten in patients with INS and celiac disease (CD) . CD is a gluten-sensitive disorder. The prevalence of CD ranges from 1% in the general population to 8% in patients with autoimmune diseases. The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of CD in patients with INS and the influence of a glutenfree diet on the course of INS. Material and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 147 patients hospitalized between February 2020 and September 2024 in a single medical center. Patients were categorized into two groups: 98 patients with INS and 49 from the control group. The analysis included age, gender, total dose of glucocorticoids (GCs), duration of INS, serum levels of immunoglobulin class A (IgA) and G (IgG), the presence of antibodies against tissue transglutaminase (tTG) and endomysium (EMA), and urine analysis. A medical questionnaire regarding pathological symptoms during infancy and allergic diseases of patients and family members was conducted. Results: CD was diagnosed in 8% of patients with INS. A total of 66% of patients with INS and CD who followed a gluten-free diet had no or less frequent relapses. Conclusions: CD is more common in patients with INS than in the general population. A gluten-free diet inpatients with INS and CD may decrease the frequency of nephrotic proteinuria relapses. CD may be oligosymptomatic, and it is important to search for it in all patients with INS. Owing to the small number of patients with CD among INS in the study, this issue requires further research.  \nKeywords: idiopathic nephrotic syndrome; celiac disease; gluten-free diet; IgA deficiency; pediatric nephrology  \n1. Introduction  \nNephrotic syndrome (NS) is a group of symptoms defined by nephrotic proteinuria that leads to hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and massive edemas. Nephrotic proteinuria is characterized by a urine protein-to-creatinine ratio above 2 mg/mg or urinary protein excretion above 50 mg/kg body weight per day in children or above 3.5 g per day in adults [1] . INS accounts for 90% of NS cases in children under 10 years of age and 50% in children older than 10 years of age [1] . The etiopathogenesis of INS is not fully understood and is likely to be multifactorial [2,3] . The triggers for recurrent nephrotic proteinuria may  \nbe infection, insect bites, contact with allergens for allergy sufferers or exposure to glutenin patients with CD [2–4] . In the literature, there are reports of attempts to implement a gluten-free diet in patients with INS that led to remission of proteinuria even without the use of GCs. In the studies, recurrence of proteinuria was observed after discontinuation of the gluten-free diet [4,5] .  \nCD is a chronic, autoimmune, gluten-sensitive disorder that causes not only damage to the s","cbCaiqO9ZGoCJjeG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqO9ZGoCJjeG","pdf",1406335,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Nephrotic syndrome and idiopathic nephrotic syndrome\n## Celiac disease: pathogenesis and diagnosis","[{\"question\":\"What was the primary aim of this retrospective cohort study?\",\"answer\":\"To assess the incidence of celiac disease in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and to evaluate the influence of a gluten-free diet on the INS course.\"},{\"question\":\"How many patients were included, and how were they grouped?\",\"answer\":\"A total of 147 hospitalized patients were analyzed; 98 had INS and 49 formed the control group.\"},{\"question\":\"What relationship did the study find between celiac disease and idiopathic nephrotic syndrome relapses?\",\"answer\":\"CD was diagnosed in 8% of INS patients, and in patients with INS and CD who followed a gluten-free diet, most had no or less frequent relapses.\"}]","Celiac Disease in Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome - A Retrospective Cohort Study | PDF",1790761747,25]