[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-228124-en":3,"doc-seo-228124-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":97},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},228124,1374404730887,"Pentious","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8",8,"Research & Report","Causatives in Liangmai - Morphological Processes and Double Causation","Liangmai, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Manipur and Nagaland, uses causative constructions as a key morpho-syntactic feature. The paper analyzes the morphological processes that derive causatives from non-causative verbs, focusing on productive strategies such as the prefix pí- and the intransitive-causativizing prefix kám-. It also considers lexical expression through suppletion and reviews the occurrence and form of double causation.","UC Santa Barbara  \nHimalayan Linguistics  \nTitle  \nCausatives in Liangmai  \nPermalink  \n[https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0td2g3v4](https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0td2g3v4)  \nJournal  \nHimalayan Linguistics, 19(2)  \nAuthors  \nDaimai, Kailadbou  \nRaguibou, I.D.  \nPublication Date  \n2020  \nDOI  \n10.5070/H91151000  \nCopyright Information  \nCopyright 2020 by the author(s).This work is made available under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, available at [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)  \nPeer reviewed  \n[eScholarship.org](eScholarship.org) Powered by the California Digital Library  \nUniversity of California  \nLanguages and Peoples of the Eastern Himalayan Region (LPEHR)  \nCausatives in Liangmai  \nKailadbou Daimai and ID Raguibou  \nAssam Univerity, Silchar and Tezpur University ABSTRACT  \nLiangmai, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Manipur and Nagaland, has causative constructions as one of its morpho-syntactic aspects. The purpose of this paper is to examine the morphological processes involved in causative constructions in the language. Liangmai have a productive strategy for forming causatives from all kinds of non-causative verbs. All verbs, intransitive and transitive, form their corresponding morphological causatives by prefixing the causative marker pí- . Another productive causative prefix used in the language is kám-, which causativises intransitive verbs. Besides these two morphological prefixal causative constructions, causative is also expressed lexically by suppletion in the language. The occurrence and the form of double causation is also discussed in the paper.  \nKEYWORDS  \nLiangmai, Western Naga, Tibeto-Burman, causative  \nThis is a contribution from Himalayan Linguistics Vol 19(2)– Languages and Peoples of the Eastern Himalayan Region: 30–43.  \nISSN 1544-7502  \n© 2020. All rights reserved.  \nThis Portable Document Format (PDF) file may not be altered in any way. Tables of contents, abstracts, and submission guidelines are available at  \nCausatives in Liangmai 1  \nKailadbou Daimai and ID Raguibou  \nAssam Univerity, Silchar and Tezpur University  \n1 Introduction  \nLiangmai is a Tibeto-Burman (henceforth TB) language spoken in Manipur and Nagaland. In the classification of TB languages in the Linguistic Survey of India (LSI)(Grierson 1903), Liangmai was treated as belonging to either ‘Naga-Bodo’ or ‘Naga-Kuki’subgroup.2 However, in the more recent classification of the TB languages of North East India, Burling (2003) grouped Liangmai, together with Zeme and Rongmei, under the Zeme group. This Zeme group is referred to as Western Naga in Post and Burling (2017). A pejorative term ‘Kacha Naga’ was used to refer to Liangmai speaking people along with Zeme speakers in Manipur till the Constitution (ST) Order (Amendment) Bill, 20113 modified the term and replaced with Liangmai and Zeme respectively. In Nagaland, Zemeand Liangmai speakers are clubbed together and known by the term ‘Zeliang’. Its major population concentration is located in Tamei sub-division of Tamenglong, and extends towards Kangpokpi and Senapati districts in the east, as well as Tening sub-division of Peren district, Nagaland in the north. The total Liangmai population as per the census report of India, 2011, was 49,469, of which 45,546 were in Manipur and 3923 in Nagaland. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a descriptive study of the causative constructions in Liangmai. The language is severely underdescribed. Though the language has translated Bible, Hymnals and few books under its name, scholarly linguistic works are minimal. Some linguistic studies conducted on the language are: an unpublished project report titled A Preliminary sketch of Liangmai Phonology and Morphology (Moita 2007),  \n1 We are extremely grateful to the anonymous reviewers and editors of this paper for their constructive comments and suggestions. We wa","cbCaid4rbTiyThvf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaid4rbTiyThvf","pdf",962122,1,16,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Causative morphology and causativization strategies\n## Prefixal causatives (pí-)\n## Intransitive causatives (kám-)\n## Lexical causativization via suppletion\n# Double causation\n# Overview of the study’s organization","[{\"question\":\"What language is studied in this paper?\",\"answer\":\"The paper studies Liangmai, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Manipur and Nagaland.\"},{\"question\":\"How are morphological causatives formed in Liangmai?\",\"answer\":\"Liangmai forms morphological causatives by prefixing the causative marker pí- for corresponding causative verbs.\"},{\"question\":\"What other mechanisms express causation besides prefixation?\",\"answer\":\"The paper reports an additional productive prefix kám- for causativizing intransitive verbs and also discusses lexical causation expressed through suppletion, including double causation.\"}]","Causatives in Liangmai - Morphological Processes and Double Causation | PDF",1789021216,40,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":92,"head_meta":94,"extra_data":96,"updated_unix":28},"causatives-in-liangmai-morphological-processes-and-double-causation","",{"@graph":36,"@context":91},[37,54,74],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/causatives-in-liangmai-morphological-processes-and-double-causation/228124/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"image":56,"author":61,"headline":13,"publisher":63,"fileFormat":66,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":67,"datePublished":68,"encodingFormat":66,"isAccessibleForFree":69,"interactionStatistic":70},"DigitalDocument",{"url":57,"@type":58,"width":59,"height":60},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/causatives-in-liangmai-morphological-processes-and-double-causation/228124.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":9,"@type":62},"Person",{"url":41,"name":64,"@type":65},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-11","2026-09-10",true,{"@type":71,"interactionType":72,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":73},"ViewAction",{"@type":75,"mainEntity":76},"FAQPage",[77,83,87],{"name":78,"@type":79,"acceptedAnswer":80},"What language is studied in this paper?","Question",{"text":81,"@type":82},"The paper studies Liangmai, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Manipur and Nagaland.","Answer",{"name":84,"@type":79,"acceptedAnswer":85},"How are morphological causatives formed in Liangmai?",{"text":86,"@type":82},"Liangmai forms morphological causatives by prefixing the causative marker pí- for corresponding causative verbs.",{"name":88,"@type":79,"acceptedAnswer":89},"What other mechanisms express causation besides prefixation?",{"text":90,"@type":82},"The paper reports an additional productive prefix kám- for causativizing intransitive verbs and also discusses lexical causation expressed through suppletion, including double causation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":93,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":64,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":95,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":98},[99,103,107,111,116,121,125,128,133,136,140],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":122,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":123,"show_sort_weight":29,"slug":124},7,"Healthcare","healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},30,"research-report",{"id":129,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":132},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":135},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":137,"slug":139},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":141,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":142,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":143},19,"General","general"]