[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-344673-105":59,"doc-detail-344673-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","causal-association-between-socioeconomic-disparities-and-tumors-of-the-urinary-system-a-mendelian-randomization-study","Causal association between socioeconomic disparities and tumors of the urinary system - A Mendelian randomization study","","Malignant tumors of the urinary system, including prostate, bladder, and renal cell cancers, create a major global health burden. Socioeconomic disparities (SES) correlate with cancer risk, yet causality for urinary system tumors remains inconsistent. This Mendelian randomization study tests causal effects of education level and family income on malignancy risk using European-ancestry GWAS summary data, applying inverse variance weighting and multiple sensitivity analyses. Higher education and higher family income show increased prostate cancer risk, while null results appear for bladder cancer and renal cell cancer.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/causal-association-between-socioeconomic-disparities-and-tumors-of-the-urinary-system-a-mendelian-randomization-study/344673/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/causal-association-between-socioeconomic-disparities-and-tumors-of-the-urinary-system-a-mendelian-randomization-study/344673.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Himbo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":56},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What question does the Mendelian randomization study address?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It evaluates whether socioeconomic status indicators—education level and family income—have causal effects on the risk of urinary system tumors.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which SES indicators were used as instrumental variables?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Education level and family income were modeled using genome-wide association study summary data as genetic instrumental variables.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What did the study find for prostate, bladder, and renal cell cancers?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Higher education and higher family income were associated with increased prostate cancer risk, while no causal associations were detected for bladder cancer or renal cell cancer.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},344673,1790183325,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":56,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},687197100911,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000239b6f1da00475?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1785132997149421697","®  \n Observational Study   \nCausal association between socioeconomic disparities and tumors of the urinary system A Mendelian randomization study  \nWen-wei Chen, MSa , Bo Wu, MDb , Xuzhi Wen, MSc ,*  \n| Abstract\u003Cbr>Malignant tumors of the urinary system, including prostate, bladder, and renal cell cancers, pose a significant global health burden. While socioeconomic disparities (SES) are known to influence cancer risk, their causal relationship with urinary system tumors remains inconsistent and underexplored. This study employs Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the causal effects of SES indicators – education level and family income – on the risk of these malignancies. Utilizing genome-wide association study summary data from European-ancestry populations, we selected 280 single nucleotide polymorphisms for education (n = 11,31,881) and 30 single nucleotide polymorphisms for family income (n = 3,97,751) as instrumental variables. Inverse variance weighting served as the primary analysis, complemented by sensitivity analyses (MR-Egger, weighted median, MR-PRESSO, and leave-one-out) to assess pleiotropy and robustness. Genetic predisposition to higher education (per 4.2 years) was associated with a 17% increased risk of prostate cancer (odds ratio [OR] 1. 17; 95% confidence interval: 1.04–1.31; P \u003C .01) . Similarly, higher family income elevated prostate cancer risk by 32%(OR 1.32; 95% confidence interval: 1.02–1.70; P = .033) . No causal associations were observed between SES and bladder cancer (education: OR 1.09, P = .59; income: OR 1.08, P = .82) or renal cell cancer (education: OR 1. 19, P = .21; income: OR 1.01, P = .98) . Sensitivity analyses confirmed the reliability of these estimates. This MR study provides robust evidence that higher SES is causally linked to increased prostate cancer risk, likely mediated by screening access and lifestyle factors. The null associations for bladder and renal cell cancers underscore the organ-specific nature of socioeconomic influences. These findings advocate for SES-stratified screening programs and targeted prevention strategies to mitigate disparities in cancer risk. |\n| --- |\n| Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval , GWAS = genome-wide association study, IV = instrumental variable, IVW = inverse variance weighting, MR = Mendelian randomization, OR = odds ratio, SES = socioeconomic status, SNP = single nucleotide polymorphism. |\n| Keywords: bladder cancer, causal inference, Mendelian randomization, prostate cancer, renal cell cancer, socioeconomic disparities |\n\n1. Introduction  \nIn the urinary system, malignant tumors such as prostate, bladder, and renal cell cancers represent a major global health challenge due to their high morbidity and mortality. These cancers rank among the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, of which prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men, while bladder and renal cell cancers have substantial contributions to cancer-related morbidity and mortality.[1-3] The rising burden of tumors in the urinary system not only brings severe physiological and psychological effects on patients, but also causes heavy economic pressure on healthcare systems. Despite advances in diagnostic and  \ntherapeutic strategies, the etiology of these cancers is still poorly understood, while age, genetic predisposition and race can be identified as non-modifiable risk factors. [4-6] Given their profound societal impact, an interpretation of additional risk factors, particularly modifiable ones such as socioeconomic status (SES), is critical for developing targeted prevention and intervention strategies.  \nSES, including education level and household income, is a well-established determinant of health outcomes, such as cancer risk and prognosis. Numerous studies have demonstrated associations between SES and malignancies such as lung, breast, and colorectal cancers.[7-9] However, the association  \nThe authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to dis","cbCaipMhCzWAEuOE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipMhCzWAEuOE","pdf",835923,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Background: urinary system malignancies and SES\n## Knowledge gap: inconsistent causal evidence\n# Methods (implied from abstract)\n## Study design: Mendelian randomization\n## Genetic instruments and analysis strategy\n# Results (implied from abstract)\n## Education and family income effects by cancer type\n## Sensitivity analyses and robustness","[{\"question\":\"What question does the Mendelian randomization study address?\",\"answer\":\"It evaluates whether socioeconomic status indicators—education level and family income—have causal effects on the risk of urinary system tumors.\"},{\"question\":\"Which SES indicators were used as instrumental variables?\",\"answer\":\"Education level and family income were modeled using genome-wide association study summary data as genetic instrumental variables.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the study find for prostate, bladder, and renal cell cancers?\",\"answer\":\"Higher education and higher family income were associated with increased prostate cancer risk, while no causal associations were detected for bladder cancer or renal cell cancer.\"}]","Causal association between socioeconomic disparities and tumors of the urinary system - A Mendelian randomization study | PDF",1790054840,13]