[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-84817-en":3,"doc-seo-84817-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},84817,2336464648322,"Aria","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2200025388227c56fec?_k=1778556882303663488",8,"Research & Report","CATs Secure Blockchain Interoperability with Cross-Chain Atomic Transactions","CATs proposes a protocol for cross-chain atomic transactions that enables composable atomic execution across different blockchains while addressing the core interoperability problem of atomicity under asynchronous communication and Byzantine actors. The protocol preserves chain autonomy by letting each blockchain keep its execution model within coordinated cross-chain operations. A shared coordination layer with sequencers, transaction processors, a coordinator, and a confirmation layer guarantees all-or-nothing CAT outcomes, using accepted/postponed execution plus timeouts and dependency-depth bounds for safety and liveness.","CATs: Secure Blockchain Interoperability with Cross-chain Atomic Transactions  \nAndreas Penzkofer Move Industries San Francisco, USA  \nFranck Cassez Movement Labs Sydney, Australia  \narXiv :2607 .05387v 1 [ cs .DC] 6 Jul 2026  \nAbstract—We propose a protocol for cross-chain atomic transactions (CATs), enabling composable atomic execution across different blockchains. The protocol addresses the key interoperability challenge of providing atomicity guarantees in the presence of asynchronous communication and Byzantine actors. It preserves chain autonomy by allowing each blockchain to maintain its own execution model while participating in coordinated cross-chain operations. The design introduces a shared coordination layer involving sequencers, transaction processors, a coordinator, anda confirmation layer which together ensure that either all parts of a CAT succeed or none do.   \nTo prevent unnecessary blocking, we separate transaction execution into accepted and postponed sets, with the coordination layer resolving the outcomes of CATs within a few rounds. We further introduce timeouts and dependency-depth bounds for liveness and mitigation of cascading delays. Our formal analysis establishes strong safety and liveness guarantees and demonstrates that the protocol achieves minimal blocking for independent transactions while ensuring bounded blocking time for dependent transactions. Experimental evaluation shows high CAT success when cross-chain transactions are a modest share of traffic, and characterizes the CAT-lifetime trade-off between success and dependent-transaction latency.  \nThis protocol enables fast, secure, and deterministic atomic cross-chain execution while preserving chain autonomy, providing a foundation for scalable blockchain interoperability solutions.  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nBlockchain systems are increasingly evolving into multichain and multi-layered ecosystems, offering new scalability and specialization benefits at the cost of significant interoperability challenges. In a rollup-centric Ethereum landscape, dozens of Layer-2 (L2) networks now operate in parallel, while alternative Layer-1 (L1) chains proliferate. This proliferation has introduced fundamental issues: fragmented liquidity, crosschain transaction latency, and a lack of atomicity in interchain operations. While transactions may be faster and cheaper on individual chains, the overall user experience and capital efficiency suffer dramatically from this fragmentation.  \nA. Multi-Chain Interoperability  \nIn the following, we outline the challenges and opportunities in multi-chain interoperability.  \nFragmentation of Liquidity Across Chains and Layers: Scaling via multiple chains or rollups inherently fragments liquidity and state. Each L2 operates as a separate execution environment with its own asset instances and protocols. Consequently, capital that was once pooled on L1 becomes  \ntrapped in isolated silos across chains, dramatically reducing market depth and efficiency. DeFi protocols struggle to maintain deep liquidity across all networks, forcing users into suboptimal pricing or complex multi-step maneuvers. A simple token purchase may require network switching, asset bridging, and fee payments across multiple chains, creating significant friction and risk. This maze of isolated chains fundamentally undermines the composability and seamlessness expected from a unified platform. Fragmented liquidity has emerged as a critical scaling trade-off, where throughput gains and specialized execution come at the expense of capital efficiency and user convenience. To address this, projects like AggLayer [1] propose a neutral cross-chain execution layer that unifies liquidity, users, and state across sovereign chains, using Ethereum as the base for finality [2],[3] . By introducing a shared execution layer and unified bridge model, such designs aim to concentrate liquidity and support seamless crosschain interactions without manual bridging. The Ethereum ","cbCaihm7IXOHcVkg","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihm7IXOHcVkg","pdf",4963839,1,22,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Multi-Chain Interoperability\n### Fragmentation of Liquidity Across Chains and Layers\n### Latency in Cross-Chain Transactions\n### Lack of Atomicity in Multi-Chain Interactions","[{\"question\":\"What problem does CATs address in blockchain interoperability?\",\"answer\":\"CATs targets interoperability issues in multichain environments, especially the difficulty of providing atomicity guarantees for cross-chain operations under asynchronous communication and Byzantine behavior.\"},{\"question\":\"How does CATs preserve blockchain autonomy while coordinating cross-chain execution?\",\"answer\":\"Each blockchain maintains its own execution model, while CATs uses a shared coordination layer to coordinate sequencers, transaction processors, a coordinator, and a confirmation layer for all-or-nothing results.\"},{\"question\":\"What mechanisms does CATs use to maintain liveness and avoid unnecessary blocking?\",\"answer\":\"CATs separates execution into accepted and postponed sets, resolves outcomes within a few rounds, and adds timeouts plus dependency-depth bounds to prevent cascading delays while still bounding blocking for dependent transactions.\"}]",1784198477,55,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":27},"cats-secure-blockchain-interoperability-with-cross-chain-atomic-transactions","",{"@graph":35,"@context":85},[36,53,68],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/cats-secure-blockchain-interoperability-with-cross-chain-atomic-transactions/84817/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-17","2026-07-16",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What problem does CATs address in blockchain interoperability?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"CATs targets interoperability issues in multichain environments, especially the difficulty of providing atomicity guarantees for cross-chain operations under asynchronous communication and Byzantine behavior.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does CATs preserve blockchain autonomy while coordinating cross-chain execution?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Each blockchain maintains its own execution model, while CATs uses a shared coordination layer to coordinate sequencers, transaction processors, a coordinator, and a confirmation layer for all-or-nothing results.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What mechanisms does CATs use to maintain liveness and avoid unnecessary blocking?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"CATs separates execution into accepted and postponed sets, resolves outcomes within a few rounds, and adds timeouts plus dependency-depth bounds to prevent cascading delays while still bounding blocking for dependent transactions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & 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