[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-83288-en":3,"doc-seo-83288-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},83288,1374391974564,"Clementine","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253aa45c000a9e?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779874745381141002",8,"Research & Report","Carnap Ten Years Later: Lessons Learned and Next Steps","Carnap Ten Years Later presents an experience report on designing and sustaining the Carnap proof assistant framework, including long-term maintenance outcomes from large-scale classroom use by more than 45,000 students worldwide. The discussion highlights what worked well, what failed, and what created development friction, using these lessons to motivate a bottom-up redesign. The paper then introduces mm0-zig, a high-performance verifier kernel, and the Aufbau Bytecode Compiler, enabling interactive web-based proof authoring via verifiable binary certificates.","arXiv :2607 .07722v 1 [ cs .LO] 4 Jul 2026  \nCarnap Ten Years Later:  \nLessons Learned and Next Steps  \nGraham Leach-Krouse \\#  Draper Laboratory, USA  \n~~ Abstract ~~  \nThe first part of this paper provides an experience report, recounting the design and long-term maintenance of the Carnap proof assistant framework used cumulatively by over 45,000 students worldwide over the last decade. We cover the good, the bad, and the ugly: what worked well, what didn’t work, and what added friction to development and maintenance over time.  \nThese insights motivate a bottom-up redesign of the Carnap framework, which is the topic of the paper’s second part. Briefly, the new design combines a new high-performance verifier kernel (mm0-zig) targeting Mario Carneiro’s metamath zero format, and the Aufbau Bytecode Compiler,(abc), a new proof compiler that can serve as a backend for richly interactive proof-authoring experiences on the web.  \n2012 ACM Subject Classification Theory of computation → Logic and verification; Applied computing → Interactive learning environments  \nKeywords and phrases proof assistants, pedagogy, formal methods, theorem proving Digital Object Identifier 10.4230/LIPIcs.CONF.2025.1  \n 1  Introduction  \nIn 2015, I was teaching three sections of formal logic at Kansas State University. Because Iam a sinner, I could not find the necessary strength within myself to grade the hundreds of pages of natural deduction and truth tables that students needed graded. But because I am not entirely a wretch, I couldn’t bring myself to lower my standards for student engagement.  \nElementary logic is in the fingers as much as it is in the brain. It requires a habit of thought (really many habits) that can only be arrived at through practice. Eventually students might be lucky enough to reach escape velocity, go supercritical, or whatever the right metaphor is for reasoning formally under your own power. But until they do, it’s the instructor’s responsibility to keep feeding energy into the system. Energy, in this case, comes from the friction a student experiences when they confront an abstract puzzle that does not admit a simple or approximate solution. And they will only know that the puzzle can’tbe solved simply, or approximately, if they do the problem sets, and the problem sets are carefully and accurately marked.  \nMy first attempt to extricate myself from the tight pinch I was in—caught between my pedagogical ideals and my slothful nature—was to do what I had seen older, wiser professors do. I tried out a bit of teaching software, David Kaplan’s Logic 2010 . It had many excellent features: it was free, it was based on Kalish and Montague 1 , and it worked hard to tie logic to the analysis of ordinary language in a way that showed some of the richness of the subject beyond the undeniable elemental joy of symbol pushing. In the end though, I couldn’t make it work. Students found the installation process onerous, and were impatient with the dated user interface.  \n1 Logic: Techniques of Formal Reasoning [5], an unusually rich and rigorous introductory logic text. If Kalish and Montague was too hard, you could also fall back to Terence Parsons’ An Exposition of Symbolic Logic [7] (“the terry text”), which was a little friendlier and also Logic 2010 compatible.  \n© Graham Leach-Krouse;  \nlicensed under Creative Commons License CC-BY 4.0 Conference Name.  \nEditors: Editor One and Editor Two; Article No. 1; pp. 1:1–1:11  \nLeibniz International Proceedings in Informatics  \n Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, Dagstuhl Publishing, Germany  \n1:2 Carnap Ten Years Later  \nFlashier tools were available, but they cost money, and I really liked Logic 2010 . So I made what turned out to be a fairly consequential decision: I decided to build my own tool. It needed to be:  \n1. Web based—to avoid the initial three weeks or so of nagging my students to install the software properly.  \n2. Free—many of my students didn’t have a lot of","cbCaipeORZInJDMI","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipeORZInJDMI","pdf",2041108,1,11,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## My Time with Carnap\n### Carnap at a Glance","[{\"question\":\"What is the main focus of the first part of the paper?\",\"answer\":\"The first part is an experience report describing how Carnap was designed and maintained over a decade, including what worked, what didn’t, and what became friction over time.\"},{\"question\":\"What new technologies are introduced in the second part of the paper?\",\"answer\":\"The second part introduces mm0-zig, a trusted verifier kernel, and the Aufbau Bytecode Compiler, a proof compiler producing independently verifiable binary proof certificates.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper say Carnap supports learning at scale?\",\"answer\":\"Carnap is described as a web-based, free tool that grew during the COVID-19 period, reaching over four million graded problems and serving more than 45,000 students by 2026.\"}]",1784186510,28,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":27},"carnap-ten-years-later-lessons-learned-and-next-steps","",{"@graph":35,"@context":85},[36,53,68],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/carnap-ten-years-later-lessons-learned-and-next-steps/83288/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-17","2026-07-16",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What is the main focus of the first part of the paper?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The first part is an experience report describing how Carnap was designed and maintained over a decade, including what worked, what didn’t, and what became friction over time.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What new technologies are introduced in the second part of the paper?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"The second part introduces mm0-zig, a trusted verifier kernel, and the Aufbau Bytecode Compiler, a proof compiler producing independently verifiable binary proof certificates.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How does the paper say Carnap supports learning at scale?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Carnap is described as a web-based, free tool that grew during the COVID-19 period, reaching over four million graded problems and serving more than 45,000 students by 2026.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]