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It also introduces the physics of floating and capacity using volume and the contrasting weights of water, wood, and 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\nHERBERT S!ZIM1909-JAMES R.SKELLY  \nllustrated by Richard Cuffari  \nWilliam Morrow and Company New York  \nThe authors would like to thank Burmeister and WainCorp.,Murray and Tregurtha Corp.,and Mr.Philip R.Hawkins for answering questions and providing resourcematerial  \nCopyright ◎1970 by Herbert S.Zim and James R.Skelly  \nAll rights reserved.No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in anyform or by any means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying,re-cording or by any information storage and retrieval system,without permissionin writing from the Publisher.Inquiries should be addressed to William Morrowand Company,Inc.,105 Madison Ave.,New York,NY.10016Printed in the United States of America.Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 70-89599  \nISBN 0-688-26143-4(pbk.)  \n# P2\n\nThe bigger a seaport,the more kinds ofships can be seen in it.Most vessels are small,but a few are large.In the entire world thereare only forty thousand ships that can carry aload of 100 tons or more.Of them,only oneship in a hundred transports people.All therest are work ships that carry cargo.  \n3  \nShips that transport people are called pas-senger ships.Ships that carry things are calledcargo ships.Passenger and cargo ships of mostcountries are owned by shipping companies.Since they engage in trade,they are listed asmerchant ships.Ships in the service of a gov-ernment,such as naval ships,coast guard ves-sels,or lightships,are classed separately.  \nDC-82 containersCARGO SHIP140 containers  \nEach year ships deliver millions of tons ofcargo across the seas and through the riversand canals of the continents.Even in an ageof rockets and jets,slow cargo ships are stillthe backbone of trade.When loads are heavyor bulky or when their value is small,shipsare the most economical way to move them.The average jetliner can take about 100 tonsof passengers and freight.The largest cargoplane can transport about 200 tons of cargo.But an ordinary cargo ship has room for 7000tons in her holds.  \nwater 63 Ibs.wood 40 Ibs.iron 490 Ibs.  \nWhy a ship made of steel floats at all,letalone is able to carry so much cargo,may bepuzzling.Anything will float in water if itweighs less than an equal volume of water.Volume is the space that an object takes up.A common measure of volume is one cubicfoot-a space that is one foot high,one footwide,and one foot deep.A cubic foot of waterweighs about 63 pounds.A cubic foot of yel-low pine weighs only 40 pounds,so it willfloat.A cubic foot of iron weighs 490 poundsand,of course,will sink.  \nBut you can make the iron float if you roll6  \n590 LBS.TAKE UP 10 CUBIC FEET.  \nit into a thin sheet,bend up the edges,andshape it into a big dish about 9 feet across.Although it still weighs 490 pounds,it takesup 10 cubic feet of space.Since 10 cubic feetof water weigh 630 pounds,the iron dish willfloat and even will carry a 100-pound boywithout sinking.  \nIn the same way iron sheets shaped to formthe hull of a ship float and can carry tons ofcargo.But the machines for making a ship ofiron are fairly new inventions.Not until 1787was the first barge,built of sheet iron,launchedin England.It floated easily.  \nBOWS  \nIn the next hundred years iron ships re-placed wooden ships around the world.Nowfew wooden ships are built.Today almostevery cargo ship has a steel hull.A steelframework for the ship is laid down in ashipyard.To it steel plates are riveted orwelded,forming the strong shell of the hull.  \nThe front end of the hull is called thebow.It is pointed and flares upward andoutward from the waterline.This designenables the ship to cut easily through thewater,in all kinds of weather.  \nThe back end of the hull is the stern.It is rounded and hangs over the water.8","cbCaib38aaB9SZ76","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaib38aaB9SZ76","pdf",4015484,68,"English","# Cargo ship types\n## Merchant and government classifications\n## Why cargo ships remain important\n# How ships float and carry loads\n## Volume, buoyancy, and material weight","[{\"question\":\"How are ships classified into passenger and cargo vessels?\",\"answer\":\"Ships that transport people are called passenger ships, while ships that carry things are called cargo ships.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are cargo ships still important even with modern aircraft and rockets?\",\"answer\":\"They remain the backbone of trade because they are the most economical way to move heavy or bulky loads, especially when values are small.\"},{\"question\":\"How does an iron ship manage to float and carry cargo?\",\"answer\":\"Steel floats because an object will float if it weighs less than an equal volume of water; shaping iron into a hull increases the displaced volume so the ship can carry cargo without sinking.\"}]","Cargo Ships - How Ships Carry People and Cargo | PDF",1791873911]