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Evidence for rapid adjustment after labor-market change is limited, with realignment effects lagging 2–3 years and appearing mainly after shifts in college-level employment.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/career-and-technical-education-alignment-across-five-states/590244/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/career-and-technical-education-alignment-across-five-states/590244.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Adam","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",5,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What does the study measure about CTE?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It quantifies and describes both static and dynamic alignment between students’ high school CTE coursework and local labor market employment in related fields.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What states are included in the analysis?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Tennessee, and Washington.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How do the results describe CTE alignment and adjustment over time?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"CTE is partially aligned with local labor markets; evidence of short-term dynamic adjustment is limited, while realignment effects lag about 2–3 years and follow changes in college-level employment.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},590244,1792192509,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":127,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1374404737137,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","AERA Open  \nJanuary-December 2024, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1–19 DOI: 10. 1177/23328584241276504  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2024. [https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nCareer and Technical Education Alignment Across Five States  \nCeleste K. Carruthers  \nUniversity of Tennessee, Knoxville  \nNational Bureau of Economic Research  \nShaun Dougherty  \nLynch School of Education and Human Development, Boston College  \nThomas Goldring  \nDaniel Kreisman  \nGeorgia State University  \nRoddy Theobald  \nAmerican Institutes for Research  \nCarly Urban  \nMontana State University  \nJesús Villero  \nUniversity of Pennsylvania  \nWe describe alignment between high school career and technical education (CTE) and local labor markets across five states—Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Tennessee, and Washington. We find that CTE is partially aligned with local labor markets. A 10-percentage-point higher share of local jobs related to a CTE career cluster is associated with a 3-point higher rate of CTE concentration in that cluster. Women and students from racial or ethnic minority groups are better aligned with local employment than men, in part due to their selection of CTE fields like Education & Training, Health Science, and Hospitality & Tourism, which correspond with a large portion of the workforce in almost every metro area. We find more limited evidence of dynamic, short-term adjustments in CTE after changes in local labor markets. A small degree of realignment lags the labor market by 2 to 3 years and is only observed following changes in college-level employment.  \nKeywords: vocational education, work, career development, high schools, descriptive analysis, career and technical education, labor market alignment, secondary education  \nIntroduction  \nCareer and technical education (CTE) has undergone a dramatic renewal in U.S. high schools over the last two decades. Once considered a vocational track for non-college-bound students, CTE is now interwoven into the fabric of the secondary curriculum with the goal of preparing students for both college and careers. States typically organize CTE programs around “career clusters,” and the 16-cluster  \nNational Career Clusters Framework1 that many states have adopted spans almost every occupation one could have, including those requiring a college or advanced degree. This breadth is in response to a perceived skill shortage in middle skill occupations from the perspective of employers (Craig, 2019; Kochan et al., 2012); increasing costs of attending college; and the idea that learning practical, applied, or occupationally relevant skills is valuable for both college-bound  \nCreative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons  \nAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)) which permits non-commercial use,  \nreproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ([https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage](https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage)).  \nCarruthers et al.  \nand career-bound students. CTE is a big part of modern U.S. education. CTE has bipartisan support at the federal level (Meckler, 2018), its own funding and accountability systems, and its own department in many state and local education agencies. Given its forward-looking employment focus, CTE is often part of the bridge between K–12, college, and the workforce, playing a role in state and local efforts to improve K–12-to-workforce pipelines (Dorn, 2012; Gewertz, 2017). But CTE policy developments have quickly outpaced CTE research, especially around the topic of alignment, or the idea that CTE students are ","cbCaib2hzckCEGl4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaib2hzckCEGl4","pdf",1304607,"English","# Introduction\n## CTE renewal and career clusters\n## Definition and measurement of alignment","[{\"question\":\"What does the study measure about CTE?\",\"answer\":\"It quantifies and describes both static and dynamic alignment between students’ high school CTE coursework and local labor market employment in related fields.\"},{\"question\":\"What states are included in the analysis?\",\"answer\":\"Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Tennessee, and Washington.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the results describe CTE alignment and adjustment over time?\",\"answer\":\"CTE is partially aligned with local labor markets; evidence of short-term dynamic adjustment is limited, while realignment effects lag about 2–3 years and follow changes in college-level employment.\"}]","Career and Technical Education Alignment Across Five States | PDF",1792069157,48]