[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-465065-105":59,"doc-detail-465065-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","cardiovascular-prevention-current-gaps-and-future-directions","Cardiovascular Prevention: Current Gaps and Future Directions","","Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, the global burden is still high, requiring stronger, more comprehensive prevention strategies. This narrative overview critically evaluates current pillars of cardiovascular prevention, highlights gaps in lifestyle and pharmacological approaches, and considers non-traditional and emerging risk factors. Future directions include leveraging digital health for adherence, applying precision medicine for refined risk stratification, and strengthening public health policies for population-level interventions, using multi-level clinical and environmental integration to reduce CVD impact.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/cardiovascular-prevention-current-gaps-and-future-directions/465065/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/cardiovascular-prevention-current-gaps-and-future-directions/465065.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Miles","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does cardiovascular prevention still require improvement despite medical advances?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The article states that even with progress in diagnosis and treatment, the overall global burden of CVD remains high due to insufficient implementation and persistent shortcomings in routine practice.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What gaps in current approaches does the overview address?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It highlights barriers related to lifestyle adherence and pharmacological management, and discusses the growing relevance of non-traditional and emerging risk factors.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What future directions are proposed to strengthen cardiovascular prevention?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The overview emphasizes maximizing digital health to improve patient engagement and adherence, adopting precision medicine to refine risk stratification, and implementing public health policies for interventions at population level.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},465065,1791305964,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},13056703019404,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Review  \nCardiovascular Prevention: Current Gaps and Future Directions  \nHélder Dores 1,2,3,4, *, José Ferreira Santos 5,6, Victor Gil 1,6 and Pedro de Araújo Gonçalves 1,2,3  \nAcademic Editor: Oskars Kalejs  \nReceived: 26 November 2025  \nRevised: 10 December 2025  \nAccepted: 18 December 2025  \nPublished: 20 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Department of Cardiology, Hospital da Luz Lisboa, Luz Saúde, 1600-209 Lisbon, Portugal; [victorgilmd@gmail.com](victorgilmd@gmail.com) (V.G.); [paraujogoncalves@yahoo.co.uk](paraujogoncalves@yahoo.co.uk) (P.d.A.G.)  \n2 CHRC—Comprehensive Health Research Center, Associate Laboratory REAL (LA-REAL), 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal  \n3 NOVA Medical School, NOVA University Lisbon, 1069-061 Lisbon, Portugal  \n4 CoLab Trials, 7000-811 Évora, Portugal  \n5 Department of Cardiology, Hospital da Luz Setúbal, Luz Saúde, 2900-722 Setúbal, Portugal  \n6 Católica Medical School, Sintra Campus, Estrada Octávio Pato, 2635-631 Lisbon, Portugal  \n* [Correspondence: heldores@hotmail.com](Correspondence: heldores@hotmail.com)  \nAbstract  \nCardiovascular Disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite significant advances in diagnosis and treatment, the global burden of CVD remains high, underscoring the crucial need for more effective and comprehensive prevention strategies. This narrative overview aims to critically evaluate the current pillars of cardiovascular prevention, identify the gaps in approaches and outline promising future directions. Challenges and barriers in lifestyle adherence and pharmacological management are addressed, while the increasing role of non-traditional and emerging risk factors is discussed. Future directions include maximizing the value of digital health to improve patient engagement and adherence, adopting precision medicine to refine risk stratification and implementing public health policies for population-level interventions. The optimization of cardiovascular prevention requires a multi-level approach that integrates clinical strategies with personalized solutions and environmental policies to ultimately reduce the global impact of CVD.  \nKeywords: cardiovascular; prevention; risk stratification; digital; precision medicine  \n1. Introduction: The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease  \nCardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, accounting for more than 18.6 million deaths annually, corresponding close to one-third of all global deaths, affecting individuals from different demographics and socioeconomic backgrounds [1–3] . Low-and middle-income countries are experiencing a disproportionate rise in CVD-related morbidity and mortality [2,4] . Most of the CVD burden is driven by atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), with ischemic heart disease and stroke being the primary contributors. Additionally, other major conditions such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation are also concerning.  \nBeyond the clinical outcomes, CVD is a major source of direct and indirect healthcare costs [5,6] . The global trends of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost due to CVD have continued to rise steadily, especially due to ischemic heart disease, stroke and hypertensive heart disease [7] .  \nThe fact that CVD remains a global health problem underscores that current strategies remain insufficient or are not being adequately implemented. Despite the considerable progress and expanding scope of preventive cardiology within modern CV medicine, major  \nshortcomings persist in converting evidence-based knowledge into consistent, day-to-day clinical practice. Limitations within healthcare systems and global inequalities remain major challenges, while more tailored interventions at individual level sh","cbCaiiDbou7N1hGZ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiDbou7N1hGZ","pdf",1184511,22,"English","# Introduction\n## The global burden of cardiovascular disease\n# Methodology and Literature Search","[{\"question\":\"Why does cardiovascular prevention still require improvement despite medical advances?\",\"answer\":\"The article states that even with progress in diagnosis and treatment, the overall global burden of CVD remains high due to insufficient implementation and persistent shortcomings in routine practice.\"},{\"question\":\"What gaps in current approaches does the overview address?\",\"answer\":\"It highlights barriers related to lifestyle adherence and pharmacological management, and discusses the growing relevance of non-traditional and emerging risk factors.\"},{\"question\":\"What future directions are proposed to strengthen cardiovascular prevention?\",\"answer\":\"The overview emphasizes maximizing digital health to improve patient engagement and adherence, adopting precision medicine to refine risk stratification, and implementing public health policies for interventions at population level.\"}]","Cardiovascular Prevention: Current Gaps and Future Directions | PDF",1790769116,55]