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This pilot randomized controlled study examined whether cardiovascular exercise administered after practice improves motor learning across multiple weeks. Twenty-four participants trained a novel balance task across six sessions and then completed either moderate-intensity cycling or seated rest. Cardiovascular exercise significantly improved motor learning, especially in later sessions, with exploratory benefits for higher cardiorespiratory fitness.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/cardiovascular-exercise-enhances-motor-learning-across-multiple-sessions-in-people-with-parkinsons-disease-a-randomized-controlled-pilot-trial/455625/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/cardiovascular-exercise-enhances-motor-learning-across-multiple-sessions-in-people-with-parkinsons-disease-a-randomized-controlled-pilot-trial/455625.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Theodore","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-06","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does the study address about Parkinson’s disease motor rehabilitation?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It targets impaired motor learning in Parkinson’s disease, specifically deficits in encoding within sessions and consolidation between sessions.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was cardiovascular exercise delivered in the trial?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Participants practiced a novel balance task across six sessions and then received either moderate-intensity cycling or seated rest after practice.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the main effects of cardiovascular exercise on motor learning across sessions?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Cardiovascular exercise significantly improved motor learning, with the strongest improvements reported in sessions 4 and 5.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},455625,1790793269,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},7971461740886,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","npj | science of learning Article  \n\n| Published in partnership with The University of Queensland |  | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-025-00391-6](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-025-00391-6) |  |  |\n| Cardiovascular exercise enhances motor learning across multiple sessions in people with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled pilot trial\u003Cbr> Check for updates |  |  |\n| Philipp Wanner 1 , Nicole Frisch1, Samuel Rikus1, Marc Roig2,3 & Simon Steib1,4 |  |  |\n| Motor learning is critical for effective motor rehabilitation, yet impaired in people with Parkinson ’s Disease (pwPD) . Emerging evidence suggests that cardiovascular exercise (CVE), performed close to skill practice, may promote brain plasticity and motor learning. However, research has predominantly focused on acute effects of a single CVE session in neurotypical individuals. Here, we examined whether post-practice CVE enhances motor learning over multiple weeks. Twenty-four pwPD were randomly assigned to either moderate-intensity cycling or seated rest after practicing a novel balance task across six sessions. As hypothesized, CVE significantly improved motor learning, particularly in sessions 4 and 5 . This effect was reflected in a non-significant trend toward greater within-session online learning, rather than in between-session offline gains. Exploratory analyses indicate that individuals with higher cardiorespiratory fitness benefited most from CVE. Our findings highlight CVE as an effective, low-cost tool to foster motor learning in neurorehabilitation and warrant further investigation. |  |  |\n| Motor skill practice is an integral component of non-pharmacological treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD), aiming to restore and enhance skilled motor behavior and mobility1,2. This motor (re-)learning process requires the encoding and storage ofmotor information in procedural longterm memory3. Consequently, the efficacy of motor rehabilitation relies on long-lasting neuroplastic changes within the central nervous system4.\u003Cbr>In addition to the characteristic motor symptoms (bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, postural instability), PD also impairs motor learning2. Compared to age-matched neurotypical older adults, people with PD (pwPD)show deficits in both the encoding (within-session online learning) and the consolidation (between-session offline learning) of motor skills5,6. As cortico-striatal circuits play a crucial role in the transfer of motor information into long-term storage, some aspects of motor memory consolidation appear to be particularly affected7. Altered motor sequence chunking in individuals with basal ganglia stroke may further suggest that basal ganglia impairment not only affect motor but also cognitive processes involved in motor skill acquisition8. The underlying neuropathological mechanisms are multifactorial5. Experiments inhumansand animal models | of PD have linked motor memory deficits to reduced synaptic plasticity, including decreased long-term potentiationin the primary motor cortex9. In addition, altered brain activation patterns10 and non-motor features of PD, such as sleep disturbances, are likely to contribute11. Pharmacological treatments have shown limited success in addressing PD-related memory deficits and potentially even amplify the problem (dopamine overdose hypothesis)5, 12.\u003Cbr>Exercise has emerged as a simple, cost-effective intervention that can promote neuroplasticity and memory13. In young adults, accumulating evidence points at the potential of a single bout of cardiovascular exercise (CVE) to enhance motor memory formation when administered in close temporal proximity to skill practice14. Notably, these findings indicate that CVE has particularly beneficial effects on the consolidation of motor memories, which is the process suggested tobe most significantly affected in pwPD7. Petzinger and colleagues15 postulated a model to explain potential synergistic links between CVE and goal-based motor practice to prom","cbCaikO7Kkae0feV","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikO7Kkae0feV","pdf",912535,11,"English","# Introduction\n## Motor learning deficits in Parkinson’s disease\n## Rationale for cardiovascular exercise\n# Current Study Rationale\n## Gap: effects across multiple sessions","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the study address about Parkinson’s disease motor rehabilitation?\",\"answer\":\"It targets impaired motor learning in Parkinson’s disease, specifically deficits in encoding within sessions and consolidation between sessions.\"},{\"question\":\"How was cardiovascular exercise delivered in the trial?\",\"answer\":\"Participants practiced a novel balance task across six sessions and then received either moderate-intensity cycling or seated rest after practice.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main effects of cardiovascular exercise on motor learning across sessions?\",\"answer\":\"Cardiovascular exercise significantly improved motor learning, with the strongest improvements reported in sessions 4 and 5.\"}]","Cardiovascular exercise enhances motor learning across multiple sessions in people with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled pilot trial | PDF",1790743661,28]