[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-462019-105":59,"doc-detail-462019-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","cardiovascular-disease-and-diabetes-a-new-challenge-in-the-treatment-and-management","Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: A New Challenge in the Treatment and Management","","Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes. Pharmacologic glycaemic control, including novel glucose-lowering agents, reduces the risk of cardiovascular events and death. Newly introduced drug classes include DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT-2 inhibitors, showing effectiveness comparable to traditional therapies alongside strong cardiovascular safety. The review summarizes clinical efficacy of these agents to optimize treatment strategies, particularly in early diabetic disease.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/cardiovascular-disease-and-diabetes-a-new-challenge-in-the-treatment-and-management/462019/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/cardiovascular-disease-and-diabetes-a-new-challenge-in-the-treatment-and-management/462019.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Asher","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why are cardiovascular diseases a major concern in diabetes?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality, including conditions such as CAD and heart failure.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What is the review’s purpose regarding new diabetes medications?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The review summarizes the clinical efficacy of recently introduced glucose-lowering drugs. It focuses on optimizing treatment strategies, especially in the early phase of diabetic disease.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which new glucose-lowering drug classes are discussed and what is their cardiovascular relevance?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review discusses DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT-2 inhibitors. Evidence indicates comparable effectiveness to traditional antidiabetic drugs and excellent cardiovascular safety, reducing major cardiovascular events and mortality.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},462019,1790827588,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},687197207639,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Review  \nCardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: A New Challenge in the Treatment and Management  \nGraziano Riccioni 1,*, Chiara Notarangelo 2, Mario Riccioni 3 and Nicolantonio D’Orazio 4  \nAcademic Editors: Stephen Bustin and Pawel Dobrzyn  \nReceived: 3 August 2025  \nRevised: 9 December 2025  \nAccepted: 9 December 2025  \nPublished: 29 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Cardiology Care Unit,“San Camillo de Lellis” Hospital, 71043 Foggia, Italy  \n2 Department of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy; [notarangelochiara4@gmail.com](notarangelochiara4@gmail.com)  \n3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; [mmrr1640@gmail.com](mmrr1640@gmail.com)  \n[4](4 Department of Biomedical Sciences)[ Department of Biomedical Sciences](4 Department of Biomedical Sciences), [University of Pescara-Chieti](University of Pescara-Chieti), [66100 Chieti](66100 Chieti), [Italy](Italy); [ndorazio@unich.it](ndorazio@unich.it)  \n* Correspondence: [grazianoriccioni@gmail.com](grazianoriccioni@gmail.com)  \nAbstract  \nCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. However, a correct and effective glycaemic control obtained by pharmacologic interventions, such as the use the novel glucose-lowering agents, demonstrated efficacy in reducing the risk of both cardiovascular events and mortality. The latest classes of glucose-lowering drugs introduced in the clinical practice are DPP4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, saxagliptin, vildagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin), GLP-1 receptor agonists (semaglutide, liraglutide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, and lixenatide), and SGLT-2 inhibitors (empaglifozin, canaglifozin, and dapaglifozin) . Multiple lines of evidence show that all these new drugs associated with the treatment of diabetic disease have the same effectiveness as the traditional antidiabetic drugs, and excellent cardiovascular safety, highlighting their potential in significantly reducing major cardiovascular events and mortality. The aim of our review is to summarise the clinical efficacy of these recently introduced drugs to optimise treatment strategies, especially in the early phase of diabetic disease.  \nKeywords: cardiovascular disease; diabetes; metformin; SGLT2 inhibitors; GLP-1 receptor antagonists; DDP-4 inhibitors; prevention  \n1. Introduction  \nT2D (type 2 diabetes mellitus) is one of the main risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), with manifestations including coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure (HF), stroke, aortic and peripheral artery diseases (PAD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1] .  \nThe combination of T2D with these cardio-renal comorbidities enhances the risk not only of cardiovascular (CV) events but also of CV and all-cause mortality [2] .  \nFramingham observations, for the first time, revealed that T2D could be linked to the development of CVD, because patients with T2D had a three-fold increased risk, and these observations were confirmed by numerous later studies [3] . In addition, patients with T2D and HF, whether with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), or mid-range (HFmrEF) or preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), present a significant increase in morbidity and mortality [4] . Overall, the prognosis of CVD in patients with T2D seems to be worse when compared to that of the general population.  \nImportant issues regarding the management of patients with T2D and CVD are as follows:  \n1. An interdisciplinary healthcare clinician approach from different disciplines and expertise in several medical areas;  \n2. A personalised treatment strategy to reduce each patient’s disease burden, resulting from the presence of cardio-nephro-metabolic complications which modify therapeutic indications; ","cbCaijvyMBKTGjBK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijvyMBKTGjBK","pdf",286467,14,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction\n## T2D as a risk factor for CVD\n## Management goals and interdisciplinary care\n## Diet, lifestyle, and weight-loss interventions\n## Nephropathy outcomes and dietary patterns\n## Physical activity and pharmacologic optimization","[{\"question\":\"Why are cardiovascular diseases a major concern in diabetes?\",\"answer\":\"Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality, including conditions such as CAD and heart failure.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the review’s purpose regarding new diabetes medications?\",\"answer\":\"The review summarizes the clinical efficacy of recently introduced glucose-lowering drugs. It focuses on optimizing treatment strategies, especially in the early phase of diabetic disease.\"},{\"question\":\"Which new glucose-lowering drug classes are discussed and what is their cardiovascular relevance?\",\"answer\":\"The review discusses DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT-2 inhibitors. Evidence indicates comparable effectiveness to traditional antidiabetic drugs and excellent cardiovascular safety, reducing major cardiovascular events and mortality.\"}]","Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: A New Challenge in the Treatment and Management | PDF",1790763046,35]