[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-detail-378929-en":59,"doc-seo-378929-105":82},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":60},{"doc_id":61,"user_id":62,"nickname":63,"user_avatar":64,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":66,"doc_content":67,"file_id":68,"file_url":69,"file_type":70,"file_size":71,"view_count":72,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":73,"language":74,"language_code":75,"site_id":76,"html_lang":75,"table_of_contents":77,"faqs":78,"seo_title":79,"seo_description":66,"update_tm":80,"read_time":81},378929,1374391974585,"Genevieve","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Carbon Dots in Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors - Past, Present, and Future Directions","Pediatric brain tumors remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and progress is constrained by the blood–brain barrier, intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity, and therapeutic toxicity. Multiple nanoparticle platforms, including metallic, organic, and micellar systems, have been explored to address these limitations. Carbon dots have emerged as a theranostic nanoparticle modality that is highly modifiable for drug and tumor-targeting ligand conjugation, with pre-clinical study and future translational potential. A literature query on ClinicalTrials.gov identified 36 relevant studies, six involving pediatric patients, including nanoparticle drug and liposomal formulations.","Review  \nCarbon Dots in Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors: Past, Present, and Future Directions  \nFrederic A. Vallejo 1, Ganesh Sigdel 2, Eduardo A. Veliz 2, Roger M. Leblanc 2, Steven Vanni 1,3,4 and Regina M. Graham 1,5, *  \nCitation: Vallejo, F.A.; Sigdel, G.; Veliz, E.A.; Leblanc, R.M.; Vanni, S.; Graham, R.M. Carbon Dots in Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors:  \nPast, Present, and Future Directions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 9562 . [https://doi.org/10.3390](https://doi.org/10.3390)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390)[/ijms24119562](/ijms24119562)  \nAcademic Editor: Paola Manini  \nReceived: 12 April 2023  \nRevised: 23 May 2023  \nAccepted: 27 May 2023  \nPublished: 31 May 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Neurosurgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA  \n2 Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA  \n3 HCA Florida University Hospital, 3476 S University Dr., Davie, FL 33328, USA  \n4 Department of Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Davie, FL 33328, USA  \n5 Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Health System, Miami, FL 33136, USA  \n* Correspondence: [rgraham@med.miami.edu](rgraham@med.miami.edu); Tel.: +1-305-321-4972; Fax: +1-305-243-3337  \nAbstract: Pediatric brain tumors remain a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Though developments have been made in treating these malignancies, the blood–brain barrier, intra-and inter-tumoral heterogeneity, and therapeutic toxicity pose challenges to improving outcomes. Varying types of nanoparticles, including metallic, organic, and micellar molecules of varying structures and compositions, have been investigated as a potential therapy to circumvent some of these inherent challenges. Carbon dots (CDs) have recently gained popularity as a novel nanoparticle with theranostic properties. This carbon-based modality is highly modifiable, allowing for conjugation to drugs, as well as tumor-specific ligands in an effort to more effectively target cancerous cells and reduce peripheral toxicity. CDs are being studied pre-clinically. The ClinicalTrials.gov site was queried using the search terms: brain tumor and nanoparticle, liposome, micelle, dendrimer, quantum dot, or carbon dot. At the time of this review, 36 studies were found, 6 of which included pediatric patients. Two of the six studies investigated nanoparticle drug formulations, whereas the other four studies were on varying liposomal nanoparticle formulations for the treatment of pediatric brain tumors. Here, we reviewed the context of CDs within the broader realm of nanoparticles, their development, promising pre-clinical potential, and proposed future translational utility.  \nKeywords: pediatric brain tumor; precision medicine; nanoparticle; nanomedicine; cancer; carbon dot  \n1. Introduction  \nBrain tumors are a significant source of morbidity and mortality within the pediatric population [1] . The Central Brain tumor Registry of the United States estimates that 5260 new cases of both malignant and non-malignant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) will be diagnosed in children ages 0–19 during 2023 alone. Between 2014 and 2018, there were an average of 539 deaths annually in children and adolescents aged 0–19 due to tumors of the brain and CNS. Gliomas represented the majority of all CNS tumorsat just above forty percent, followed by tumors of the pituitary comprising more than fourteen percent, and finally, embryonal tumors representing just under ten percent [2] . The other approximately thirty-five percent of tumors were compris","cbCaiu5KgXY3svwH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiu5KgXY3svwH","pdf",2294614,13,17,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction\n## Pediatric burden and epidemiology\n## Therapeutic challenges and need for new modalities\n## Blood–brain barrier mechanisms","[{\"question\":\"Why are pediatric brain tumor treatments difficult to improve?\",\"answer\":\"Key obstacles include the blood–brain barrier, intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity, and therapeutic toxicity, which collectively limit better outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"What therapeutic advantages do carbon dots offer?\",\"answer\":\"Carbon dots are highly modifiable, enabling conjugation to drugs and tumor-specific ligands to target cancerous cells and aim to reduce peripheral toxicity.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the ClinicalTrials.gov query find about relevant studies?\",\"answer\":\"The review reported 36 studies in total, with 6 including pediatric patients, covering nanoparticle drug formulations and liposomal nanoparticle formulations for pediatric brain tumor treatment.\"}]","Carbon Dots in Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors - Past, Present, and Future Directions | PDF",1790233306,43,{"code":4,"msg":83,"data":84},"ok",{"site_id":76,"language":75,"slug":85,"title":65,"keywords":86,"description":66,"schema_data":87,"social_meta":141,"head_meta":143,"extra_data":145,"updated_unix":146},"carbon-dots-in-treatment-of-pediatric-brain-tumors-past-present-and-future-directions","",{"@graph":88,"@context":140},[89,103,123],{"@type":90,"itemListElement":91},"BreadcrumbList",[92,96,98,101],{"item":93,"name":94,"@type":95,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":97,"name":9,"@type":95,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":99,"name":35,"@type":95,"position":100},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":102,"name":65,"@type":95,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/carbon-dots-in-treatment-of-pediatric-brain-tumors-past-present-and-future-directions/378929/",{"url":102,"name":65,"@type":104,"image":105,"author":110,"headline":65,"publisher":112,"fileFormat":115,"inLanguage":75,"description":66,"dateModified":116,"datePublished":117,"encodingFormat":115,"isAccessibleForFree":118,"interactionStatistic":119},"DigitalDocument",{"url":106,"@type":107,"width":108,"height":109},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/carbon-dots-in-treatment-of-pediatric-brain-tumors-past-present-and-future-directions/378929.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":63,"@type":111},"Person",{"url":93,"name":113,"@type":114},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":120,"interactionType":121,"userInteractionCount":72},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":122},"ViewAction",{"@type":124,"mainEntity":125},"FAQPage",[126,132,136],{"name":127,"@type":128,"acceptedAnswer":129},"Why are pediatric brain tumor treatments difficult to improve?","Question",{"text":130,"@type":131},"Key obstacles include the blood–brain barrier, intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity, and therapeutic toxicity, which collectively limit better outcomes.","Answer",{"name":133,"@type":128,"acceptedAnswer":134},"What therapeutic advantages do carbon dots offer?",{"text":135,"@type":131},"Carbon dots are highly modifiable, enabling conjugation to drugs and tumor-specific ligands to target cancerous cells and aim to reduce peripheral toxicity.",{"name":137,"@type":128,"acceptedAnswer":138},"What did the ClinicalTrials.gov query find about relevant studies?",{"text":139,"@type":131},"The review reported 36 studies in total, with 6 including pediatric patients, covering nanoparticle drug formulations and liposomal nanoparticle formulations for pediatric brain tumor treatment.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":102,"og:type":142,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":113,"og:description":66},"article",{"robots":144,"canonical":102},"index,follow",{"doc_id":61,"site_id":76},1790543164]